Bf    pj 

^        M48 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

University  of  California. 

Gl  FT    OF 

/) 


1-L^l dji:^::^.....!^ 

Class      o^^4 


'-125?  ( iD^  rnin 


HEBREW    GRAMMAR 


ALEXANDER  MEYROWITZ,  A.M.,  Ph.D. 

PROFESSOK    OF    HEBREW  AND    SHEMITIC    LITERATURE  IN  THE 
UNIVERSITY    OF    THE    STATE    OF    MISSOURI. 


PUBLISHED  AT  THE  UNIVERSITY,  COLUMBIA,  MISSOURI. 
/  ALIFDi 

NEW  YORK: 

PRINTED    AT  INDUSTRIAL   SCHOOL,    HEBREW    ORPHAN   ASYLUM, 

76th  Street,  neab  Thibi)  Avenue. 
1877. 


/^'p  1k0.P^titi*i4 


I'Jiitercd  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1877, 

By  Alexani>ek  Meyrowitz, 
in  the  Oflice  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress  at  Waahington, 


ysr^s* 


4  — 


PREFACE. 


The  number  of  Hebrew  Grammars  already  published  would 
seem  to  exceed  the  scholars  studying  this  language.     And  yet 
there  are  but  few  which  are  of  real  use.     Some,  like  Gesenius, 
are  too  large,  and  are  written  rather  for  the  scholar  than  for  the 
student.      Others  are  too  meagre  to  satisfy  even  the  beginner. 
After  having  been  a  teacher  of  Hebrew  for  more  than  thirty 
years,  I  believe  I  have  found  the  middle  way.     I  have  omitted 
the  Guttural  verbs  in  my  Tables,  their  deviation  being  but  in  the 
vocalization  ;  but  I  liave  added,  besides  the  double  anomalous 
verbs,   {e.  g,  y'£^    and  r('^)  the   verbs  ri^n,  Vs&>^  ^^.  TPn, 
etc.,  as  it  will  be  seen  by  glancing  at  the  Tables.     And  though 
this  work  will  not  be  the  last,  and  critics  may  find  fault  with 
this  as  I  have  found  with  others,  I  believe  nevertheless  that  it 
will  be  of  great  use  to  the  student,  even  for  self-instruction,  and 
facilitate  the  comprehension  of  the  Word  of  God  revealed  for 
the  salvation  of  men,  which  is  my  greatest  aim  and  desire. 
There  are  three  systems  of  pronunciation  of  the  Hebrew,  viz., 
Polish,  German,  and   Portuguese.     I  follow  the  Polish,  be- 
cause it  is  the  most  common  among  the  Jews. 

It  gives  me  pleasure  to  acknowledge  that  the  appearance  of 
this  work  before  the  public  is  chiefly  owing  to  the  munificence 
of  the  Rev.  S.  S.  Laws,  LL.D.,  President  of  the  State  Univer- 
sity of  Missouri. 

ALEXK.  MEYROWITZ. 

Columbia,  Mo.,  28th  April,  1877. 


LI  li  Iv  A  W  V 
(  ALlFOUNiA.J 


§  L— LETTEKS. 


1.  Tlie  Hebrew  letters  in  present  use  are  tlie  square 
Chaklee,  derived  from  tlie  Pulinyrene  alphabet,  adopted  by 
Ezra.  The  original  Hebrew  letters  are  the  Pluenician,  found 
on  monuments  and  the  Maccabean  coins. 

2.  All  the  letters  are  consonants,  except  ^  and  y,  also  ^  at 

the  beginning  of  a  word,  where  they  serve   to  express  a  vowel 

syllable,  e.  g.,  pQ^^  Aharon,   Q^^  Odoni,  "j^y  omod,  "^^j; 

ophor,  y^'y\   uvain,  '''^SDI   nmipri ;  the   vowels    are  expressed 
by  lines  and  dots  above,  below,  or  within  the  letters. 

N.B. — Hebrew  was  originally  written  without  vowels,  like 
Arabic  and  Syriac. 


Letteft'8. 

Finals. 

Number. 

Hebrew 
Pronunciation. 

English 
Pronunciation. 

Meaning. 

sS 

1 

nss 

Olaph. 

An  OX. 

3   ■ 

2 

n^2 

Baith. 

A  house. 

J 

3 

bpi 

GamaJ. 

A  camel. 

-| 

4 

rb3 

Deleth. 

A  door. 

n 

5 

^~ 

Hai. 

(Doubtful.) 

1 

6 

11 

T 

Vav. 

A  hook. 

1 

7 

r; 

Zayin. 

A  weapon. 

n 

8 

n^D 

Chaith. 

A  hedge. 

in 

9 

n^c? 

Taith. 

A  serpent. 

■> 

10 

Yod. 

A  hand. 

^ 

-,500 

20 

1^ 

Kaph. 

A  palm,  paw. 

b 

30 

^^) 

Lomaid. 

A  goad. 

fc 

Q600 

40 

D-'O 

Maim. 

Water. 

J 

1    700 

50 

1" 

Nun. 

A  fish. 

D 

60 

^9P 

Somech. 

A  support. 

V 

70 

r« 

Ayin. 

An  eye. 

s 

nsoo 

80 

ns 

Peh. 

A  mouth. 

a 

yooo 

90 

"  T 

Tsodai. 

A  fish  hook. 

P 

100 

^ip 

Kuph. 

A  monkey. 

1 

200 

E?"^-! 

liosh. 

A  head. 

ty 

300 

1^ 

Shain. 

A  tooth. 

n 

400 

rj? 

Thav. 

A  sign,  cross. 

3.  It  will  be  seen  in  the  above  table  that  five  letters  assume 
a  different  form  when  at  the  end  of  a  word,  wherefore  they 
are  called  finals.  They  owe  their  origin  to  the  time  when 
writing  was  still  done  without  dividing  the  words,  and  to  mark 
the  end  of  a  word,  -final  letters  were  introduced.  When  in 
process  of  time  the  words  were  divided  from  one  another,  all 
the  Jinals  were  dropped  except  the  five,  because  they  served  as 
numerals  for  500-  600,  etc. 

4.  The  whole  alphabet  is  primarily  divided  into  two  parts  : 
a.  Radicals,  b,  Serviles. 

a.  Radicals  are  those  letters  which  are  used  only  for  the 
formation  of  nouns  and  verbs,  consisting  chiefly  of  three 
letters,  which  form  the  root  of  a  noun  or  verb. 

b.  Serviles  are  those  letters  which,  besides  being  used  in  the 
formation  of  nouns  and  verbs,  are  also  used  as  prefixes  or 
suffixes  to  nouns  and  verbs,  to  express  other  parts  of 
speech.     These  serviles  include  half  the  alphabet,  and  are  : 

^,  when  prefixed   to  a  verb  in  the  future  tense,  denotes  the 

personal  pronoun,  nominative  Ist  singular  common. 
2  prefixed  to  any  word,  denotes  the  prepositions  m,  by^  or  with. 
n  with  a  pathach    under   it    (,"j),  when  prefixed  to   a  noun 

with  a  daghesh  (^.  e.,  a  point)  in  its  first  letter,  e.  g.^ 
"n^tjn  [<^^*j  if  *^^^  fii'st  letter  of  the  noun  is  one  of  the 
Gutturals,  y,  n,  1^,  {^,  which  cannot  take  a  daghesh,*  the 
prefixed    n    is    with    komats    |-(    instead    of  pathach    J-}]   it 

T 

denotes  the  definite  article.  H  suffixed  to  the  imperative, 
denotes  the   precative,  e.    g.,    HDS    ^9^'*   (^ome   now !     pj 

prefixed  to  the  participle  of  the  verb  denotes  the  relative 
pron.  who,  that,  p]  suffixed  to  the  future  1st  sing,  or  pi. 
com.  denotes  the  future  optative.  |i  profixed  to  any  word 
with  Chatuf  Pathach    ,")   denotes  an    interrogation,    e.  g., 

"^^S^'n  whether  keeping?  (Gen.  iv.  9),  Jpf]  whether  from? 

j^  with  a  Mappik  (jr\)  suffixed  to  a  noun  denotes  the  posses- 

*  The  effect  of  a  Daghesh  in  the  middle  of  a  word  is  to  doable  the  letter, 
but  the  Gutturals  cannot  be  doubled. 


sive  pron.  3d   per?,  feni,  sing.,  e.  g.  J^it;*];   her  seed    (Gen. 

iii.  15),  Pi   without    a   Mappik  denotes  the    proposition   to^ 

e.  g.  n?i1D  ^^^  Sodom  (Gen.  xix.  1). 
^  at    the    beginning    of   any    word   (except    in    eleven    words, 

most  of  them  being  pj-oper  names)  denotes  tlie  conjunctions  : 

and,  but,  even,  both  .  .  .  and. 
1   pretixed  to  a    verl)  in   the   future    tense    denotes    the    pers. 

pron.  nom.   3d   pers.  sing,  or   ])hir.     Suffixed   to  a    noun  it 

denotes  the  possessive  pron.  first,  pers.  sing.  com. 
2>  pretixed    to  any  word  denotes  the  ad  verl)  like.  7J  (witli   a 

vowel)  suffixed  to  a  noun  denotes  tlie  posseissive  pron.  2d  per- 
son masc.  sing.  Witliout  a  vowel,  rj,  poss.  pron.  2d  pers. 
fem.  singular. 

*)  prefixed  to  any  word  denotes  tlie  preposition  to.  Prefixed 
to  the  infinitive  construct,  denotes  in  order  to. 

^  with  a  Cheerick  under  it,  pretixed  to  any  word  witli  a  Da- 
ghesh  in  its  first  letter  [and  if  the  first  letter  be  a  Guttural 
which  cannut  take  a  Daghesli,*  the  Cheerick  is  changed  into 
a  Tsaireh  ^J  denotes  the  proposition  from.,  e.  g.^  D^'2^*i2 
from    heaven,    V"^^^  from    earth.      Q    suffixed    to    a  noun 

denotes  the  possessive  pron.  3d  pers.  pi.  masc. 
J  prefixed  to  a  verl>   in  tlie  future   tense  denotes  pers.   pron. 

nom.  1st  pei-s.  })hir. 
J    suffixed  to    the  2d   and  3d  pers.   plur.  of   a   verb  in   future 
'   tense,    denotes  fut.  optative.    Suffixed  to  a  noun,  it  denotes 

possessive  pron.  3d  pers.  pi.  fem. 
^  prefixed  to  any  word,  denotes  the  relative  pron.  who.,  which^ 

that  [Abbreviation  of  '^^^^J. 

p.  The  meanings  of  this  letter,  as  prefix  or  suffix,  are  so  mul- 
tifarious tliat  they  cannot  be  reduced  to  any  short  rule.f 
5.  Secondly  the  alphabet  is  divided  into  classes  (commonly 

in  five)  according  to  the  organs  of  speech,  /.  ^., 


*  See  note  to  letter  n. 

f  D  and  n  are  frequently  prefixed   to   the    infinitive    construct   of    verbs,    to 
change  them  into  nouns,  e.  g.  nriD  from  r\V\,  Ddn  from  3C>\ 


Gutturals,  .         .         .  CH)  y  H  H  ^^ 

Palatals,         ....  p  T  ^  -:i 

Lingiials,  .  .  .         n  (1)  :i  ^  CO  "I 

Dentals  (Sibilants)         .  .  ^*  :L'  D  1 

Labials, ^   ^  1  ^ 

Nasals, J  D 

Letters    belonging    to    tbe    same    classes   may  intercbange 
in   a  word  witbout  altering  its  meaning,  e.  g.^  py]  or  pyt^,    to 

^^T  5  0^^"$  ^^'  Or\Z*^  ^^  laugb ;  ^S;^  or  ^^S,  to  escape. 


r\ 


§  IL— THE  VOWELS.     ^^  ^  ^'^':/.\s;^„ 

1.  Origmally,  tbe  Hebrew  text  was  written  \^rtH0iit/\^^felsv  -  f 
Only  tbe  tbi-ee  long  vowels,  o,  ee,  and  ow,  were  expressed  oy  "^-^ 
tbe  tbree  letters,  "^  1,  (H) ;  ^  or  ^  for  tbe  long  o,  ]  for  ow,  and  ") 

Yor  ee.  Tbese  letters,  wben  serving  as  vowel  bearers,  were 
called  vowel  letters,  bnt  tbey  are  frequently  omitted.  The 
Massoretes,  about  tbe  Hftb  century,  invented  certain  signs,  to 
I'epresent  tbe  vowels.  Tbey  are  ten  in  number;  five  long  and 
live  sbort  ones. 

Long.  Short. 

1.  —  Komats,  6.  —  Patbacb, 

T  ~ 

2.  —  Tsaireb,  7.  —  Segol, 

3.  ^  —  Cbeerik,  8.  —  Cbeerik  parvum, 

4.  i  —  Cbowlom,  9.  —  Komats  chatuf, 

5.  ?|  — Sburuk,  10.  —  Kubbuts.* 

N.  [). — Tbe  names  of  the  five  long  vowels  contain  all  the 
ten  vowels  :  the  vowel  in  tbe  first  syllable  being  the  long,  the 
one  in  tbe  second  its  corresponding  short  vowel. 

2.  Tbe   tbree   long  vowels  "^ — ,   i,  and  ^,    may    be    written 

with   or  without  tbe    accompanying    letter,    and    yet    retain 

*  1,  like  o  in  home  ;  2,  like  a  in  able  ;    3,  i  in  machine  ;     4  ow  in  vow  ;     5,  u 
in  rule  ;    6,  a  in  sharp  ,     7,  e  in  met  ;    8,  i  in  pin  ;    9,  o  in  off  ;    10,  u  in  full. 


10 

their  long   sound,  in    which    case   they    are    called  long  and 

defective  ;  while  in  tlie  other  case  they  are  called  long  and  full, 

N.  B. — When  ^  is  written  defective,  it   is  changed  into  — 

kubbuts. 

3.  Hebrew  is  written  and  read  from  right  to  left,  like  all 
Shemitic  languages  (except  Ethiopic) ;  and  the  consonants  are 
pronounced  before  the  vowels,  except  the  Pathach  under  |^ 
at  the  end  of  a  word,  e.  g.^  p|!|"]  riiach,  where  the  vowel  is 

pronounced  before  the  consonant.  It  is  called  Pathach  furtive^ 
because  its  position  and  pronunciation  are,  as  it  were,  illegiti- 
mate. 

#  » 

SH'YA. 


4.  Any  letter  which  has  no   vowel  is  marked  by  a  Sh'va 

^^J^",  which  is  equal  to  an  apostrophe.     This  mark  is,  however, 

T  : 
omitted  at  the  end  of  a  word,  except  in  the  following  three 

cases. 

a.  When  two  vowelless  letters  come  to  stand  at  the  end  of 

the  word,  e.  g.  'I'^i  yard^  both  are  marked  with  Sh'va. 

h.  The  final  Tj  has  always  a  Sh'va  "Tj^  hoch. 

c.  The  pers.  pron.  nom.  2  pers.  fem.  J?^^  at. 

5.  As  there  is  a  difference  between  the  pronunciation  of  a 
vowelless  letter  at  the  beginning  of  a  syllable  and  a  vowelless 
letter  at  the  end  of  a  syllable;  the  letter  in  the  first  case 
being  vocal,  and  in  the  latter  case  quiescent ;  the  grammarians 
called  the  Sh'va  whicli  marks  a  vowelless  letter  at  the  begin- 
ning of  a  syllable  j;^  ^1(^'  Sh'va  mobile,  i.  e.,  Sh'va  vocal ;  and 

and  the  Sli'va  wliich  marks   a   vowelless  letter   at   the   end  of 
a  syllable  pJJ  )X\^  Sh'va  quiescent,  i.  e.  rest. 

6.  When  one  of  the  gutturals,  y,  H?  H?  ^^  is  to  be  pronounced 

at  the  beginning  or  middle  of  a  word  without  a  vowel,  it  gets 

half  a  vowel  [composite  Sh'va],  viz.  — ,  — ,  or  —  e.  g.  "^^'^  ''slier, 
J  t:     -:  v:  v     : 

n!0^  ^meth,  7r>^0  ini^'^^h^^l- 


11 

§  III.— DAGIIESH. 


1.  Dagliesh,  i.  e..  a  point  within  the  letter,  is  of  twofold  use: 

a.  To  harden  the  pronunciations  of  some  letters. 

b.  To  double  the  letter. 

In  the  first  case  it  is  called  Daghesh  lene,  and  can  occur  only 
in  a  letter  beginning  a  syllable,  and  only  in  the  following  six 
letters:  p,  ^,  ;,  -],  },  2^  iW2  n:2). 

with  it  3  like  b. 
"     "   3     "     k. 

''  "  i  "   p. 

p         "        "         "  ''      th;         '»     '•    PI     "       t. 

The  difference  in  the  pronunciation  of  ^  and  1  with  or  with- 
out the  daghesh  is  lost. 

3.  A  daghesh  in  any  letter,  except  the  gutturals  {^,  p ,, 
1^,  V  and  "^j  in  the  middle  or  at  the  end  of  a  word,  doubles  the 
letter,  and  is  called  the  daghesh  forte. 

§  lY.— ACCENTS. 


2 

without 

a 

daghesh 

like 

V ; 

D 

u 

a 

a 

a 

ch; 

n 

u 

a 

a 

a 

ph; 

1.  Every  word  of  the  Hebrew  text  in  the   Old  Testament  has 

an  accent.     These  accents  have  a  threefold  use. 

a.  To  mark  the  tone  syllable  [vvliich  in  some  words  gives  a 

I  1 

different    meaning,    e.  g.^  n^52   she   came,    n^^2    she  is 

coming,  something  like  desert  and  desert.] 
h.  As  interpunctuation,  in  which  case  it  is  the  most  perfect 

of  all  known  divisions  of  sentence ;  and 
c.  For  cantillation  of  the  Bible  in  public  worship. 

2.  The  use  of  the  accents  for  the  first  and  second  purposes 
causes  them  to  be  divided  into  two  parts,  viz.,  disjunctive  and 
conjunctive  accents.  Those  accents  which  mark  the  end  of  a 
sentence  are  called  disjunctives  ;  and  the  rest,  conjunctives. 

3.  The  forms  and  names  of  the  accents  are  :  1  —  Zarko, 
2    —    Segol,    3  —  Munach,    4  —  K'veei,    5  —  Mahapach, 

6  —  Pashto,  7  —    Zokef  koten,  8  —  Zokef  godel,  9  —  Mer- 


12 

clio,  10  —  Tipdio,  n  —  Ethiiaohto,  12  —  Pozer,  13  --  T'li- 
sho  k'tMi»oh,14  —  T'lislio  o;Vl()wlt)li,  15  -  Kadinoh,  IH —  Y'azlo. 
17  —  Azloo-arash,*  18  — Gershajini,  19  -    Dargo,  20 —  T'vir, 

21  —  Y'thiv,  22  f  —  P'ssick,  2?>  —  Siliik,*  2P,  —  SluilsheieTli. 

<  I 

QP 

25  —  Merelioli  k'fnloli,  20  —  Kariie  poroli,  27  —  Yprrtcli   l)eii 
))  ^ 

yowniow. 

Of  these  27  accents  only  No.  3,  5,  9,  13,  15,  19,  25,  and  27, 
are  conjunctives  ;  all  the  rest  are  disjunctives.  Tlie  principal 
disjunctives,  a  knowledge  of  which  is  absolutely  iiecessary  for 

proper    reading,    are    tlie    following :  —  Eeveei,  —  Tipcho, 

—  Segol,  —   Zokef   katon,  —  Ethnach,  —  Siluk,  or   Soph 

possuk. 

4.  When  two  or  three  words  have  but  one  accent,  the  words 
without  the  accent  are  joined  to  tlie  accentuated  word  by  a 
horizontal  line  called  Makkaf  r^P^  ("). 

5.  The  accent  is  generally  placed  on  tlie  ultimate,  or  penul- 
timate syllable ;  and  when  a  syllable  before  the  acc^entuated 
one  is  to  be  intoned,  it  gets  a  pei'pendicular  line  under  it,  called 
Metheg  ^HDj  (^*-  ^-  ^i  bridle)  ( — )  e.  gf.,  ^22^-  Even  tiie  third 
vowel    before    the    Metheg    takes     also     a    Metheg,    e.    g., 


§  y.— AETICLE. 

1.  The  Tlel^rew  article  fully  written  is  ^|^,  like  tlie  Arabi.- 

al ;  the  S  is,  however,  always  dropped,  and  the  tirst  let- 
ter of  the  noun  gets  a  Daghesh  compensative.  (For  the  change 
of  its  vowel,  see  ?  I.,  4,  letter  n  )• 

>  ) 

*  To  distingnish  between  —  Pashto  and  -  -  Kadmo,  one  must  be  guided  by 
<  ( 

the  following  accent.    So  by  —  V'azloand  —  Azlogaresh,  by  theprecediogone. 


13 

2.  It  stands  only:  a.  ns  a  deiinitu  article,  never  for  tlie  inde- 
finite ;  h.  as  a  demonstrative  prononn,  tlms,  c.  <j.,  tH^^Ts  tliis 

T  :  — 

night  (Gen.  xix.  :U.)  D>L2'J  ^'^^'^  ^^'"^  (E^-  ^^'  2^^)  ;     ^-  «is    a 
relative  prononn   iH^  ^^^-'?'"1'J   ^^'^^^   went    with    liini  (Josh. 

X.  24). 

:3.  AVhen  one  of  the  letters  ^,  2,  ^,  is  prefixed  to  anonn  with 
an  article,  the  whole  article  disa])pears,  and  tl\e  prefixed  letter 
takes  tlie  vowel  of  the  article.  Tlins,  instead  of  nDSijS  '^  '^ 
rjp32  in  tlie  silver.  *n.n2  ^^^  '^T'\T\2.  hi  the  nionntain.  C1^^^ 
2"l^rj'p  to  the  man. 

4.  When  the  nonn  has  the  Jirticle,  all  the  following  adjectives 
and  prononns  also  have  the  article.  If  the  nonn  has  the  article, 
and  the  adjective  has  not,  then  the  adjective  is  a  predicate. 


I  YL— NOUN. 


1.  The  Hehrew  nonn  has  two  genders,  and  three  nnmhers. 
The  genders  are  masculine  and  feminine  ;  the  nnmhers,  singu- 
lar, plural,  and  dual.     Masculine  are  : 

a.  All  living  beings  of  male  gender,  e.g.  Cn*l!5^  Ahraham, 

n"^*]^?  a  lion,  ;2i^  it  father. 

b.  All  names  of  nations,  e.  g.,  p^?3J7.-^'ii'dek,  *")*,  a  nation, 
"IV^'^  Ashur. 

c.  All  names  of  seas  and  rivers,  e,  g.^  Q''  the  sea,  "IPO  ^^  I'iver, 

T  T 

I'l"!^  the  Jordan,  n*12  Enphrates. 

d.  Names  of  mountains,  e.  g.^  "'JQ  Sinai,  ^ll^H  Tabor. 

e.  Names  of  months,  e.  //.,  t^^"in  '^  month,  ];^'^!!^^^  April,  TTT 
a  month. 

f.  The  names  of  metals,  e.  g.^   ^H*  gold,  ^03  silver,    /'^^ 

iron. 
N.  B. — There  is  a  tliird  gender,  which  may  be  called  either 
^'  9")  1D3  cattle,  l^y  sheep. 


14 

2.  Feminine  nouns  are  : 

a.  All  living  beings  of  the  female  gender,  e.  ^.,7)1*1  Rachel, 

Q^  a  mother,  ["HS  ^  cow. 
d.  All  nouns  wliich  end  in  H —  ^-  ff-i  TOIS  ^  blessing;  in  H — 

T  T    T  : 

^.  ^-^  ny_l  knowledge  ;   in  fl—  ^-  ^-^  H^'IH^  the  end  ;  in 

kingdom. 

c.  Names  of  countries    and  towns,  e.  ^.,  *^^y  a  city,  jy^J 
Canaan. 

d.  All  the  njem])ers  of  the  body,  e.  ^.,  "I^    9-  hand,  ^j^  <^ 

T 

foot,  )tj^  an  ear,  ry_  an  eye. 

3.  Nouns  of  masculine  gender  form  tlicir  plural  by  suffixing 
th-e  syllable  Q"' —  e.  g.  ID^  ^  word,  D^*!!]^  words,  DIO  a  horse, 
D^'DID  horses.     Feminine  nouns  form  their  plural  by  suffixing 

ni,  ^'-  ^-  n"iD  Ji  cow,  rins  ^^^s,  rois  a  idessing,  riir*i3 

TT  T  T  T  :  t: 

])iessings,  nj;.!-  niy'i; 

N.B.  The  learner  will  observe  that  nouns  ending  in  ^ — 
lose  this  termination,  and  take  in  its  place  the  phiral  form  ^^. 

4.  All  nouns  which  exist  by  nature  or  art  in  pairs,  take  instead 
of  the  plural  a  dual  form,  which  ends  in  Q"^ —  e.  (/.,  ^j"^  a   hand, 

Q*^  J**  two  hands,  D^Dp^D  scales,  7J*)  a  foot,  Q"'5^'l  feet. 

N.  B.  When  any  of  the  dual  nouns  assumes  either  a  mas<;u- 
line  or  a  femine  plural  ending,  e.  g.,  DIH''  it  loses  its   original 

meaning.  The  word  pi")^  means  handler;  so  Q'^^3*1  means  times. 

5.  There  are  some  masculine  nouns  which  have  their  plural 
in  the  feminine  termination,  e.  g.,  ^^n  father,  Pl^i^  fathers, 

DiDD  a  place,  nliDDp   P^^^es ;    and    feminine    nouns  which 

luive  their  plural  in  the  masculine  termination,  e.  g,  niir}*n  a 

bee,  Q'^'nili'n  ^^^^^^  n^DJ  ^'^  ''-"^j  D'^'PDJ  ^"^s.      Sonu;  nouns 


15 

take  their  plural  in  either  gender,  e.  g.,  "^^rj   a   generation, 

□•^•^^r;  or  f^^^^i'T}  generations. 

N.  B. — Masc.  nouns  which  have  feminine  pi.  terminations, 
and  fern,  nouns  which  have  masc.  pi.  terminations,  have  their 
adjectives  and  verbs  according  to  their  natural  gender,  e.  g., 
D^into  nn^n  the  fathers  are  good,  nlDto  CD'^'liinn  the 
bees  are  good. 

6.  There  are  some  nouns  which  exist  only  in  plural  form 
and  have  no  singular,  e.  g.^  Q"'^©  face,  D'^JP.^  ^^^  ^S^'  Q''*11J7J 
youth,  □''Dl^i^  boyhood.  Some  nouns  have  only  the  singular 
number,  and  no  plural,  e.  g.,  tl^f^^*  sun,  ^HT  gold,  Vip  summer, 
DDi^  dust.     The  last  mentioned  are  mainly  collective  nouns. 

1      T  T 

7.  Proper  nouns,  e.g.^  ^*^  David,  m{<  Adam,  have  neither 

•  T  T  T 

the  mark  of  gender  nor  number.  But  when  a  proper  noun 
stands  as  family  name,  or  national  name,  e.  g.y  *^y)  i^evy, 
D^'^iyp  Mizraim,  Egypt,  Jl^^  Zidon,  it  takes  number  and 
gender,  e.  g.,  H^^T^  Levites,  ni''")yp  Egyptian  women,  |^^^J 
D'^^niJj  Zidonians. 


§  YII.— CONSTKITCT  STATE. 


1.  "When  two  nouns  come  together  and  one  belongs  to,  or  is 
defined  by  the  other,  \i.  e.  Gen  it.]  the  noun  possessing  or  de- 
fining remains  unchanged,  but  the  noun  possessed  or  defined 
undergoes  the  following  changes. 

2.  a.  Nouns  masc.  sing,  shorten  their  syllables  when  con- 
structed to  another  noun,  e.  g.^  111^  a  word,  H^D  *1I1"1 
word  of  Moses,  jp]  an  elder,  ^^3  jD]  elder  of  the  house, 
^Zl^  a  heart,  QH^^  DD7  the  heart  of  man. 

T  ••  TT  -  : 

b.  Kouns  in  plural  masc.  drop  the  last  Q  and  change  the 
preceding  Cheerick  ( — )  into  Tsaireh  ( — )  e.  y.,  -C^^^l  words, 


T   : 


16 

nro  '^'l.^'l  words  of  Moses.     D'^2p\  elders,  0*13   '^^pX  the 
elders  of  the  house. 

€.  Dual  construct  drops    the  last    Q  and  ( — )  and  changes 

the  penultimate  ( — )  into  ( — )  a.  (/.,  U^'2^^  two  eyes,  [^♦'^^  ij"^^ 

eyes  of  man;  Q'jnD?'*  ^^P^'  Dm  '^OCip'*  ^Jps  of  the  wise  man. 

d.  Feminine  sing,  nouns  ending  iri  H —  change  the  H  hito 

n  and  the  (-^)  into  (— )  e.  g.,  HDm  wisdom,  fdl^  Hl^m 
T  -  T  :  T  :  -   :  T 

wisdom  of  Solomon,  "5^^*^  n*l1n  the  law  of  Moses. 

e.  Feminine  plural   nouns  shorten  tlieir  second  vowel,  c.  <j.^ 
abs.   riilDI^' const.  Pi ^1^'^;]^;    abs.   Hiu'^i/!.  '  const.  p|^»2^1^. 

N.  B. — The  noun  wliich  is  defined  stands  always  before  the 
defining  noun  and  takes  no  article. 


VIII.— ADJECTIVE. 


1.  The  adjective  stands  in  Hebrew  always  after  the  noun, 
and  must  agree  with  the  noun  in  gender  and  number,  as  ^*''^ 

DiCO  a  good  man  ;  POiCO    Hk^'^^  <^  good  woman  ;  Q^^to  D^J2 

T  T      •  •  •  T 

good  sons  ;  pi]}te  0133  good  (hiughters. 

2.  An  adjective  belonging  to  two  or  more  nouns  (also  verbs 
or  participles)  must  be  rendered  in  the  plural  numl)er ;  and 
if  one  of  the  nouns  be  masculine,  the  adjective,  verb,  or  partici- 
ple must  be  in  the  masculine  gender,  e.  a..  H^ti^l  DrH^^l 
^  ""  "  T  I   :        T  T :   -  : 

□">Jp]  and    Abraliam    and  Sarah  were  old    (Gen.  xviii.  11). 

3.  But  when  tlie  verb  stands  before  tlie  noun,  it  is  not  modi- 
tied  by  the  nouns  which  follow,  e.  </.,  ip^^'^^l  d^n  ^^500!*] 
and  Adam  and  liis  wife  hid  themselves  (Gen.  iii.  8),  i^^p^  ^i^l 
PiP"*  Q''^'^  and  were  not  found  fine  women   (Jol)  xlii.  15). 

4.  When  the  adjective  stands  before  the  noun,  or  when  the 
noun  lias  an  article  and  the  adjective  none,  the  adjective  is  t(j 
be  understood  as  a  predicate,  e.  g.^  V*l5^n  HDto  the  land 
good,    ni^to    V"n^  a-   ^^od  land,    HDto  iH^^n    the  land  i^ 

T  1    •/  V  T  1     '.•  T  T 


IS 


IT 

good,  r\2)^ri  yn^iin  the  good  land,  nriten  yii?  the  good 
laud.     In  the  last  case  the  emphasis  lies  on  the  adjective. 

6.  Comparative  and  superlative  of  the  Hebrew  adjectives, 
verbs,  particles,  and  pronouns  are  formed  in  the  following 
manner : 

When  two  nouns  are  compared  in  the  positive  form,  the  letter 
3  is  prefixed  to  both  nouns,  e.  g.,  IDJ??  1"35  2^^  HTil 
nn*1^-l3  nn^^^'D  VJ1^3-  And  it  shall  be  as  with  the 
people,  so  with  the  priest;  as  with  the  servant,  so  with  the 
master;  as  with  the  maid,  so  with  the  mistress  (Is.  xxiv. 
2).  In  the  comparative,  the  letter  12  ^^'i^^^  ^  ( — )  before  the 
noun  with  which  it  is  compared,  e.  g.,  ^ICO  |P?^*P  Q?^  3lCD 
1'n^in  DVt2  Pl?^n  QV)'  ^  good  name  is  better  than  precious 
ointment,  and  the  day  of  death  than  the  day  of  one's  birth 
(Eccl.    vii.   1),  730  D1*iy  more  subtile   than  all  (Gen.  iii.  1) 

nJDD  nZjlEn?  better  than  she  (Esther  i.  19). 

T  V     •  T  - 

The  superlative  is  formed,  «.  by  repeating  the  adjective,  e.g., 
□"'^np  ^"ip  i^ost  holy;  b.  by  adding  the  word  ^^p,  e.  g., 

*i^p  ^to  very  good ;  c.  by  putting  the  article  before  the  adjec- 
tive, and  the  letter  3  before  the  noun  witli  which  it  is  compared, 
e.  g.,  Q''^\35  HD^n  the  most  beautiful  among  the  women, 
n&^jp3  '7'1'n  the  poorest  in  (the  tribe  of)  Menasse. 

N.  B. — When  the  superlative  is  expressed  by  a  verb,  the 
word  ^2  with  the  prefix  p  is  put  before  the  noun  with  which 

it  is  compared,  e.  g.,  Dn^<"^3p  nt^bp  D^Jl^)  And  Solomo 
was  wiser  than  all  men.  ^  ^  ^  JX  A  Ix 


IX.— PK0N0UI!^S.  J^KM  I  \ 

1.  The  Hebrew  pronouns  are  of  two  kinds;.     ^^^-'--'Ar  \  )  ly  \  I 

a.  Separable,  consisting  of  distinct  words.  ~^==^. 

b.  Inseparable  words,  ^^  e.,  letters  suffixed  to  nouns  and  verbs. 
Separable   pronouns  are,  1.  personal ;   2.  relative ;  3.  demon- 


18 


strative  ;  and  4.  interrogative.  The  inseparable  pronouns  are, 
5.  possessive  ;  6.  passive  ;  both  expressed  by  the  letters  0  ,^  ,n 
0  ?D  O  (CliSn  pronouns)  suffixed  to  nouns  and  verbs. 

2.  PERSONAL  PKONOUNS. 


Inst. 


Abl.      I       Ac. 


D. 


N. 


'5 

^? 

^? 

12 

T 

I?? 

1"? 


'^sc 

^nlN 

^^ 

'k' 

T]SC 

-ol>? 

^^ 

^■pr 

^9C 

■?]nl^? 

\^ 

lH' 

^isc 

ln\^ 

ib 

1-'!^' 

njsp 

nnl%s 

T 

n^E^ 

^J»P 

ijnl%x 

^:b 

)21>^ 

nrsp 

Q5n>< 

DD^ 

qr^^- 

j;?3c 

150i? 

pf 

I?-r'?^ 

an^ 

cnnsS 

Q~? 

D-^tJ' 

in  J? 

pn^ 

]-? 

1  •   .  • 

^;^J^ori^5<  I.e.  8111. 


Dm 
]m 


2.  m. 

2.  fem. 

3.  m. 
3.  fem. 
.1.  c.  pi. 
2.  m. 

2.  fem. 

3.  in. 


JH!  3.  fem. 

3.  The  relative  pronoun  for  all  genders  and  numbers  is  1^^ 
or  Ci^  who,  that,  which. 

4.  The  demonstrative  pronoun  is : 

p|]  this,  masculine.         7^    )  these, 

p^]  this,  feminine.         H^^    )         plural  com. 
]^,—,,  !)],  tliat  or  this,  common. 

5.  The  interrogative   pronoun  is    "^p  who  ?  (personal),  "Q^ 
r iJ2?  riD  which?  (thiiiirs). 

N.   B. — The    demonstrative  prononn    is  also  used   without 
having  its  proper  signification,    e.  (/.,  '^^2^  HI  HD^  why  am 

T   thus  ?  (Gen.  xxv.   22.)  ^^  Hi.  rOH  ^"Al  "PIp     The  voice 

of  my  beloved  !  behold,  lie  cometh  (Cant.  ii.  8). 

6.  The  possessive  pronoun  is  a  syllable  of  one  or  more  letters 


19 


suffixed  to  a  nonn  in  singular  or  plural,  to  denote  whose  object 
it  is,  e.  g.^  ^HSTD  ^  book,  ''lOD  ^^y  book. 
7.  The  possessive  pronominal  suffixes  are  : 
To  A  Singular  Noun  : 


a  plural  pronoun. 

a  singular  pronoun. 

3,    person 
fern. 

3.    person 
masc.   ' 

•2.    person  2.    person 
fern.      \      masc. 

I.   pers. 
com. 

3.    pars, 
fem. 

3.    pers. 
m. 

•2.   pers. 
fem. 

2.    pers. 
m. 

1.   pers. 
com. 

It 

°T 

1?tI  2?t 

^•3- 

n- 

T 

1- 

^- 

T    ~ 

1 

To  A  Plural  Noun. 


their 


their 


*^•^- 


your 


your 


1J 


our 


T        '. 

hers 


r 

his 


thine  thine  Imy 


Example  to  a  Masculine   Noun. 


abs.  '^^I'n  ^  word  ;  construct  state  ^^"^^ 
T  T  -    : 


TT    : 
her  word 

T    : 

1  is  word 

!  T  T   : 
their  word 

their  word 

abs. 

□in::il  wordj 

T     V  T     : 

her  words 

T  T    : 

his  words 

ID'T^?"! 

Qn'"!?^ 

their  words 

their  words 

thy  word 
your  word 


thy  word 
your  word 


T    T 

her  law 
their  law 


T       V 

her  laws 
their  laws 


r  -  T    :  )    •••  T    : 

thy  words     thy  words 

your  words    your  words 
Example  to  a  Feminine  Noun. 
niln  ^  ^^w  ;  construct  state  f^^l^f^* 

his  law  thy  law 

Dniin     pn-iln 

T   T  I  V    :    - 

their  law  your  law 

nilin  ^^^^^^  ;    construct  state  the  same. 

rnnin    Tj^nnin 

his  laws  thy   laws 

their  laws         your  laws 


thy  law 
your  law 


thy  laws 
your   laws 


•  T    : 

my  word 

••  T    : 

our  word 


-T    : 

my  words 

••  T   : 

our  words 


Ti-nn 

•     T 

mv  law 

••     T 

our  law 


my  laws 
our  laws 


20 


8.  The  passive  pronouns  are  the  same  suffixes  as  those  of  the 
uouns,  appended  to  the  verb  ;  in  which  they  are  objective, 
instead  of  possessive  pronouns.  A  table  of  tliem  will  be  found 
ainonsr  the  verbs. 


§   X.— NUMERATION. 


1.  Nanieration  is  divided  in  units,  tens,  hundreds,  thousands, 
etc.;  and  the  letters  of  the  alphabet  are  used  to  represent  them. 
(See  the  alphabet  table.)  To  express  1,000  by  letters  ^  with  a 

dot  over  it  t<  is  used,  "2  2,000,  3  3,000,  "i  4,000,  f]  -^,000,  etc. 
i'hus  we  now  figure  the  present  year  of  the  creation,  sliortlv, 

ryn'nn5637*. 

2.  Numbers  are  divided  into  cardinals  and  ordinals.  The 
cardinals  have  masc.  and  fern,  absolute  and  construct.  The 
ordinal  numbers  have  two  genders,  but  no  constrnct  state.  Tlie 
numbers  have  also    pronominal  suffixes,  e.  g.,  1J''Jt^    us  two 

(Gen.  xxxi.  37),  n^r\pbp  you  three  (Numb.  xii.  47). 

CARDINAL    NUMBERS. 


Feminine. 

Masculine. 

Construct.       | 

Absolute. 

Construct. 

Absohite. 

nox 

nnj< 

-in^^ 

in^  1- 

W^^     2. 

VZl^ 

VT]^ 

njL5>x 

^V2-\'^  4. 

c*Dn 

t^on 

nt^gn 

-'^^n  •'• 

v^ 

^^ 

^^:^ 

rmz'  6. 

V7<^ 

v^W 

nj??;;'" 

r[p\p  '■ 

-JlOE' 

njicir' 

r.jlcir* 

njicj:*  «■ 

yg'Ti 

V'or\ 

r\v&r\ 

nj;:p^"n  ^• 

"ife'i! 

ifc'«. 

^'}m. 

1            T  T    -: 

*  To  find  the  year  of  the  Jewish  calendar,  yon  have  but  to  subtract  240  from 
the  Christian  era,  thus  :   1877-240=1637,  and  add  4000-=5637. 


21 


4.  From  ten  to  twenty,  the  number  ten  has  its  proper  gender 
termination,  viz.:  masc.  without  H —  ^^^  ^6^-  with  H — •     Some 

T  T 

of  the  units  stand  in  the  absolute  and  some  in  construct  state. 


Feminine. 


Masculine. 


1  ''^Pl 


<VPV.. 


it^V, 


mn 


11. 


12. 


n^y^niz^'sj^  le. 


T  'T 


1^.  B. — It  will  be  observed  that  number  11,  m.  as  well  as 
fem.,  is  used  only  in  the  construct  state ;  12,  in  construct  as 
well  as  in  absolute  state.  From  13  to  19,  inclusive,  the  masc. 
in  absolute,  the  fem.  in  constr. 

5.  The  numbers  20  to  90  are  formed  by  C —  suffixed  to 
"n^j;  in  the  number  20,  and  the  same  suffix  Q^— to  the  constr. 
masc.  unit  numbers,  e.  g.,  D''t^7^'  30,  D'^yS^I^?  ^0-  ^^  ^  ^"it 
is  added,  the  unit  is  used  in  the  absolute  with  the  ^  conjunctive, 

e-  g^  w^bv^  nnv^  21,  D^'i^'DHi  nysn^^  54,  etc. 

6.  The  hundreds  have  always  the  feminine  termination  :  T\^'Q 
100,  plural  ^1^^^Q  >  ^^®  units  which  number  the  hundreds 
are  the  same  as  are  used  in  the  fem.  cardinal  numbers  from  13 
to  19,  e.  g.,  ril^iP  "d^^  300.  The  thousands  have  the  masc. 
termination,  e.  g.,  Q^C^^  ^IJ^51^?  4,000,  D^5^^5  T<^W  6,000. 

N.  B. — Two  hundred,  two  thousand,  and  two  ten  thousands 


22 

take  the  dual  form,  e.  g.,  D^HJ^D  200,  D^B^i?  2,000,  □'^n^iS*! 
20,000.    n!!l!2^5   plural  Hl^D*)?    means,    a   great    multitude; 

vsi^n  1^'^^^'  p^^"'^i  Ts^'^'y  ' 

7.  The  ordinal  numbers  are  in  all  cases  like  the  adjective, 
and  have  both  numbers  and  genders  ;  they  must  agree  with  the 
noun. 


Feminine. 

Masculine. 

Plural. 

Singular. 

Plural. 

Singular.          No. 

niJte\si. 

njlc'v^l 

D^jia'^n 

pE'N-l 

1st. 

T\n^ 

^nw 

Q"'.;^' 

^r^' 

2d. 

nw-'bi^ 

n^i^-'bE? 

D^^;-'bp 

^tj?-''^!^* 

3d. 

nl'^:?S 

n^y;?'"! 

D'y.'?n 

'r?^. 

4th. 

n)^p-'r?n 

T\''^'''on 

D^E/^pH 

"''^■■'pd 

5th. 

ni'is'V 

n-'wd 

D-iJSrjj* 

T'?^ 

6th. 

ni'j;-'5E' 

TV^;'2\^ 

DT??' 

■'i'."'??^ 

7th. 

ni'rpi' 

n'^rpi' 

D^rpii' 

TPi' 

8th. 

ni^r&'P 

n^j;;:^'n 

D^j;;E''n 

^;;;ti>-n 

9th. 

ni'Tij'j;. 

nn;t7i. 

D'T^iL. 

'^y^i. 

10th. 

N.  B. — From  10  upward  the  cardinal  and  ordinal  numbers 
are  the  same. 

8..  The  fractional  number  are  from  three  to  ten,  inclusive,  the 
same  as  the  ordinal  numbers  sing.  fem.     Half  is  expressed  by 


§  XL— THE   VERB. 


1.  The  Hebrew  verb  consists  of  three  radical  letters;  and 
where  these  three  letters  are  written  and  pronounced  as  con 
sonants,  through  all  paradigms  and  tenses,  it  is  called  a  regu- 
lar verb.  But  when  any  one  of  the  three  radical  letters  is 
either  omitted  or  not  pronounced,  it  is  an  irregular  verb. 
The  irregular  verbs  are  of  two  classes : 

a.  Imperfect,  i.  e.^  when  one  letter  is  omitted. 


23 

b.  When  the  letters   are  all  written,  but  not  pronounced 
which  are  called   quiescent    verbs.     (For  particulars  see 
§  XL  2.) 
2.  The  Hebrew  verb  has  7  voices,  or  paradigms. 
1-    /i^S    0^6    wrought)  or  7p_  (light),  because  this  voice  is 

unburdened  by  any  additional  letter  or  daghesh,  denotes 
the  simple  active. 

2.  'PJ^CJ  (he  was    wrought  upon)    characterized  by    a   pre- 
fixed J  or  by  a  daghesh  in  the  first  radical  letter,  denotes 

the  simple  ^am-y^. 
N.  B. — TheJNifal  form  cannot  be  made  oiintransitive  verbs, 
yet  it  can  stand  as  a  deponent,  signifying  Kal,  e.  g.,  DH /3  l^^ 

warred,  fought,  Ji^^\3  he  leaned.  Such  verbs  have  generally 
no  Kal  form  at  all.  In  some  verbs  Kal  and  Nifal  have  the 
same  meaning,  e.  g.,  TjSl'  TlS"!^  lie  went,  Dip  and  D"*!p-l 
he    approached.  n^H-    H^n^   ^^^    was  sick.     In  some  verbs 

'  T  T  T  V:  V 

Nifal  has  the  meaning  of  the  Hithpael,  i.  e.,  reflective,  e.  g., 
niB^  he  will  divide  himself,  etc. 

3.  7j^5  (1^®  wrought  diligently)  characterized  by  a  daghesh 
in  the  second  radical,  denotes  the  intensive  active. 

N.  B. — When  Piel  is  made  of  a  verb  which  is  in  Kal 
intransitive,  it  denotes  in  Piel  the  transitive,  i.  e.,  HD^  ^^  ^^ 
glad,  nS^  he  made  glad.  In  some  verbs  the  Piel  has  the 
opposite  meaning  of  Kal,  e.  g.,  /pD  he  stoned,  S'pD  he 
removed  the  stones. 

4.  ^VQ  (he  was  diligently  wrought   upon)  characterized 

by  a  shooruck  — ,  under  the  first  radical,  and  a  daghesh 

in    the    second    radical,    denotes    the    intensive  passive. 

N.  B. — Some  verbs  have  their  active  in  Kal,  and  their  passive 

in  Pual,  e.  g.,  VrTl  he  washed,  VH"!  he  was  washed.     In  the 

same  way  we  find  verbs  which  have  their  active  in  Piel,  and 


24 

their  passive  in  Nifal,  e.  g.,  QH^  he  comforted,  UT\1T}  to  be 
comforted.  (Psalm  Ixxiii.  3.) 

5.  ^"'J^Dn  (he  caused  another  to  work),  characterized  by  H 

prefixed  and  a  ^  between  the  second  and   third  radicals, 
denotes  causative  active. 
N.  B. — There  are  some  verbs  used  only  in  Hifil  form,  e.  g., 
n2^sl   to   rise   early,    C0''2n    he    looked,  HSH    he     smote, 

T]*'7^'n  he  cast  down. 

6.  T5JJSn  (he  was  caused  to  work).     It  is  characterized  by 
n  prefixed,  and  denotes  the  causative  passive. 

^'   /i?Snn  (he  wrought  on  liimself),  characterized  by  OH 

prefixed  and  a  daghesh  in  the  second  radical,  denotes  the 
reflexive.  Some  verbs  have  in  Hithpael  the  same  meaning 
as  in  Kal,  e.  g.,  "Tj^npn  and  Tj^H  he  went,  DpipHn, 
Qlp,  to  arise  against  one. 

2.  When  the  first  radical  is  one  of  the  letters,  ^*,  j^,  D» 
the  characteristic  p  of  Hithpael  changes  its  place  with  the  first 
radical,  as  ^SlTlpn  "he  feigned  himself  drunk,"  for  73Dnn  5 
"IJjn^n  "he  guarded  himself,"  for  "nj^^'prh  for  euphony's 

sake. 

3.  When  the  first  radical  is  *!'  CO'  or  p,  the  characteristic  21 
is  omitted,  and  compensated  by  a  daghesli  in  the  first  radical,  e. 

g^  np"ivN:,  for  npin^'  ^^^^^  *or  nn(5r;^n* 

4.  The  Hebrew  verb  is  varied  by  moods,  tenses,  numbers,  per- 
sons, and  genders.  There  are  three  moods:  1.  The  indicative^ 
describing  the  action  as  done  with  certamty,  e.  g.^  V^t^  thou 

hast  learned.  There  is,  liowever,  also  a  conjunctive,  wliich  is 
chiefly  formed  by  the  words,  ^^,  ^^^,  and  j^ :  ^^^Qli^^"";  "h 
Tl'^JOb  TOTO  "Oh,  that  Ishmael  might  live  before  thee!" 
(Gen.  xvii.  18),  ^^\  |S  Lest  he  tear  (Ps.  vii.  3).  2.  The 
hnperative^  commanding  a  thing  to  be  done.     This  mood  can 


26 

• 

also  be  made  a  precative^  either  by  suffixing  H  ^-  9">  T^yW 

Oh,  turn !  or  by  adding  the  particle   ^^ ,  e.  g.,  '^^  "^^T  Oh, 

remember !    Sometimes    by  using  both  forms  together,    e.  g.^ 
^J  nU'^in  Olij  save  (Psalm  xviii.  25).   3.  The  infinitive  mood, 

simply  speaking  of  an  action  without  any  regard  to  time.     It 
is  used  sometimes  only  to  give  force  to  an  action. 

5.  The  tenses  in  the  Hebrew  verb  are  three:  The  past,  or 
preterit,  expressing  a  thing  already  done ;  imperfect  and  plu- 
perfect are  included,  and  are  to  be  understood  by  the  context 
of  the  sentence.  2.  The  progressive  present,  of  which  there 
are  two,  the  present  participle  and  the  past  participle.  (See 
table  I  .)  3.  The  futare,  declaring  the  action  yet  to  be  done. 
The  past  in  the  future  is  expressed  by  the  simple  past,  e.  g., 
Dnnn^  Ol^in  II^'^?  TjnnbiDl  but  thy  chldren  which  thou 
shalt  have  born  after  them.  (Gen.  xlv.  6.) 

6.  The  Hebrew  verb  has  three  persons: 

a.  The  person  speaking. 

b.  The  person  spoken  to. 

c.  The  person  spoken  of. 

Two  genders,  mascuhne  and  feminine,  and  two  numbers, 
singular  and  plural.  When  anything  impersonal  is  related, 
the  3d  person  sing.  masc.  is  used,  e.  ^.,  HDl'^T'  ^Di^"!  3,nd  one 
told  Joseph.     (Gen.  xlviii.  1.)  I        .       • 


§  XII.— IRREGULAK  VERBS. 

1.  The  first  class  of  the  irregular  verbs  is  the  imperfect. 
(See  §  X.  1).  Those  verbs  of  which  the  first  radical  is  J  and 
"^   are  imperfect,  D''"lQn>  i-  ^-^  the  J  and  "^  will  be  omitted,  and 

the  second  radical  takes  then  a  daghesh,  e.  g.,  J^^  he  gave, 

jp^  he  will  give ;  p^Ji  he  poured,  p^^"'  he  will  pour. 

2.  The  second  class  of  irregular  verbs  is  called  quiescents, 
DTI -3'  ^-  ^-j  the  letters  are  written,  but  are  not  pronounced.* 

*  The  Hebrew  Grammarians  made  use  of  the  three  letters  ^  y  Q  to  designate 
the  three  radical  letters  of  any  verb.  The  1st  they  call  Q ,  the  2d  y ,  the  3d  ^. 
So  instead  of  saying  :  the  first  radical  is  {< ,  they  say ;  it  is  a  verb  K"2 ,  «tc. 


26 

These  verbs  are : 
1-     {*^"^»    when    the    first    radical    is     Ji^,     e.     g.      72*^^ 

2.  1"^, 

3.  V'y,        " 

4.  V'^, 

5.  vN^"^.         " 


6.  n'^^, 


%      "     ''        2S^";i 


second      "  "       \      "     "        Q!|p 

((  ((  U  "f  iC         i(  7*)^ 

third       "  "      ^,      "     "      ^tJl;^ 

TT 

7.    J7"y?  when  the  2d  and  3d  letters  are  the  same     22DD 

3.  There  is  a  third  class  of  irregular  verbs,  called  guttural^ 
i.  e.,  when  one  of  the  radicals  is  "^j  j;,  H?  in  which  case  there 
is  caused  a  deviation  from  the  usual  vowel  pointino  of  the  verb. 

4.  Some  verbs  are  quadriliteral,  as  752^3  to  gird,  00*13 
to  cut  oif,  lg^'^2  to  expand.  Also  the  piel  of  some  verbs 
Vy  and  ^"^  appear  in  quadriliteral  form,  as  7CO7D  t<^ 
prostrate,  from  ^120  ,  to  throw,  ^\lf }['{(;  to  delight,  from  ny^\ 

ory;;^-* 


XIII.— PASSIVE  PJFtONOU:^S  OF  VERBS. 


1.  The  active  verb  takes  a  double  pronominal  suffix,  first 
to  denote  the  number  and  person,  second  the  objective  or 
accusative  case,  as  they  suffer  the  action  of  the  verb  to  which 
they  are  joined  ;  thus  H'^in^^?^'  ^  ^^^^  ^®P^  ^^^^'  "'H  J^>  Pi  hei*; 
''P  being  the  agent,  H  the  patient.     (See  Table.) 

2.  The  infinitive  takes  the  pronominal  suffix  of  the  possessive, 
as  well  as  the  objective,  e.  g.,  ^^'^\)'2  in  my  calling,  in"n33 

in   his  fleeing,   Q^^ISPG  in  creating  them,   n"l3r^  to  ^0^*^^ 
T   :t  •   :  T .t: 

her.     The  participle   takes   the  objective    suffix  in   the  like 
manner. 

3.  The  pronominal  objective  suffixes  are  sometimes  to  be 
rendered  as  if  they  were  detached  pronouns  governed  by  a 
preposition   understood,    thus,   ''JQHJ  thou  gavest  unto  me. 


27 


(Josh.  XV.  16.)  ^JUn  t)e  favorable  unto  us,  TTS^  shall  dwell 
with  thee  (Fsalm  v.  5). 


s  XIY.— ADVERBS  OR  PARTICLES. 


1-  *ini^  after,  takes  the  suffix  of  noun  plural. 

•'^i;,  ri''^?  where?  "        "        "       "       "  " 

|>J^  not,  "         "        "       "       "  sing. 

^^  to,  against,  "         "        "       "       "  plural. 

025^  none,  but  "         "        "       "       "  sing. 

^5J^  near,  beside,      "         "        "       "       "  " 

^^P  because,^      ""^'     ^^  >  "  " 

p  between/  ^'     ^^'^^  ^  }''r  ^"  ,  , )', 

lybs  besides,  .(^tLiXr (J l^^yV       "   ^;  plural. 


^ri^5  except,      ^''''^'==''==-=-^-^  "  ^  ^'V'    sing. 

•ndl73  for  the  sake  of  '* 

7n  lo,  behold,           "  "  "  "  " 

nb)]  only,                     "  "  ^'  ''  " 

i03  as,  like,                "  ''  "  ^'  " 

-\ib  apart,                    "  *'  "  "  " 

|J;q^  because  of,          "  "  ^'  ^'  " 

nDijb  opposite,              "  "  "  "  '' 

'^^pi'  before,                 "  "  "  ''  "       plural. 

|p'  from,  out  of,       "  "  "  ''  ^'       sing. 

^1D  opposite,             ^'  "  "  ''  " 

n.iJ  before,  opposite,"  "  "  "  ''           '' 

p*"-^*^  U                      «                    "  <<  <t  <<  <<                     << 

S'^^D  round  about,       "  ''  "  "  *'       plural. 


•   T 


28 


*|J^  unto,  takes  the  suffix  of  noun  plural. 

"Ili?  yet,  -       ^*  sing. 

^2  upon,  "         ''        ♦'       "       ''  plural. 

□;;  with,  *'         *'        ''       ''       "  sing. 

^nn  under,  instead,  ' *'  '' 

2.  Adverbs  or  particles  which  take  no  suffix:  ^^  or,  either; 
''l^,  1^il  then,  at  that  time;  T]^;;^,  ^Q^^  liow;  "H^  only, 
surely;     1^^   id.;  ■'^,    HD''^?,    H^^  where ;  -^^^^    perhaps, 

It  .  T  T 

peradventure;  Q^  if;  Q/^^  but;  |^^  whither  ;  T^  nothing;  H^ 

also;  "l'^'^^^  as,  according;  ^^5^ yet ;  Q^pi<;  verily ;  £3^  slowly; 

^^not;  ^^*^N^  if;  J^^  so  be  it;  ^2  not;  ^^2  without;  H^here; 

•1^5  ^^   *^^^^  manner  ;  Q^  also  ;   TTT]   ^low  ;  n^^/H  beyond ; 

D'hil ,  n^n  liither  ;  ym  except;  Q^IQ  not  yet ;  T'iri^_  together; 

]}ll  because ;  ^23  long  ago  ;  n3  ,  nD2  so ;  15  or,  if,   perhaps, 

because  ;  J2  so,  thus ;  HJ^S  ^^^w  much ;  how  many  ;  ^^  not ; 

1^5  perhaps ;  H^^   why ;  D''^D^  formerly  ;  i^p  very  ;  i^^C 

without;  j;i'nj3  wherefore;  IPD  quickly;  nDI^D  something, 

anything;  "iriD  to-morrow;  nQD  below;  COUP  ^  little;  7);c 

above;  ">p^  when  ;  ^^  now;  H^J  eternal;  *Ii7  unto;  "I'nyid.; 

Dl^lJ  over  against ;  Hl^y  now;  l^pj?  because  ;  HB  liere;  |2  lest, 

that  not;  Di^^^P  suddenly  ;  DID  in  past  time  ;  2)^D  closely; 

^T)  much,  many ;  U^^^  momentary ;   20^*1  emptily  ;  p*l  only, 

but;  {^*^*  vainly ;  □i^''^^"  the  day  before  yesterday  ;  Qgr  there; 

D^2^2  because  of;  /i^H  yesterday;  T^^H  ^ilways,  continually. 
T-   :  "  :  •  T 

»  ♦  « 

?  XV.— INTERJECTIOISrS. 


Sounds  of  one  or  more  syllables,  used  when  experiencing 
joy  or  pain,  are  called  interjections.  They  being  natural 
expressions,  are  almost  in  all  languages  the  same.     When  the 


29 


expression  is  of  joy,  the  sounds  !  *Tnn  •  H^il  are  used  ;  of  pain 

T-  TV 

or    lamentation    the    words  !  HH    •  Hn^?    h"T'1^^   -""1^5    ^-'^77^ 

•  ""i^^  •  "'In  are  used.     For  request  or  petition  the  words  !  ^J 
-:  T 

!  "^^  are  used. 


•^^^- 


§  XVI.— SYNTAX.— NOimS. 


1.  When  several  nouns  come  to  stand  in  a  sentence,  they  are 
all  either  alike  i.  e.,  subjects  or  objects,  or  they  are  not  of  the 
same  case.     They  may  be  all  subjects  having  the  same  predicate, 

e.ff;  rn:2  invx  n^  ^j21  vjb  nnx  i;;nr'7n  3pr 

T     :  •         TT        •  :       •    TT  •  :-       T  :         I    ".- 

VZ3  nl^DI  Jacob  and  his  seed   with  liini :  his   sons,  and  his 
T  T  : 

sons'  sons  with  him,  his  daughters  and  his  sons'  daughters 
(Gen.  xlvi.  6,  7).  Also  as  objects,  e.  ^.,  3/111  nfr^iDn  ^L^^ 
"np^n  |!}1  And  he  took  butter  and  milk  and  the   calf  (Gen. 

I TT  -      I  V 

xviii.  8).  Or  all  the  nouns  in  the  sentence  may  denote  one 
object,  c.  g.,  D^j;n'l  D'^^n:!  D'^^rn  U'Z'y^  wise  men 
and  understanding,  and  known  (Deut.  i.  13).  Lastly  one  noun 
may  define  the  otlier,  e,  g.,  D'J'iyp  ^:^  nyiS  rC'2  The 
house  of  Paraoh,  king  of  Egypt. 

2.  When  several  nouns  are  in    a  sentence   as  subjects,  they 

need   not  necessarily    be    of    the  same    gender    and   number, 

although  they  are  in  tlie  same  relation  ;  the  verb  and  adjective 

are  then   generally  in   plural   masculine,   yet   when    the   verb 

stands  at  the  beginning,  before  the  nouns,  the  verb  can  be  in 

inasc.  sino:.,  e.  g.,  W\2^^  D^^3  D'^^pT  T^y€^  ^."ln3^^^  ^"ow 
•T-  -T  •)":         tt:        tt:-; 

Abraham  and  Sarah  were  old,  well  stricken   with  age  (Gen. 

xviii.    11).     h^^t'^    ^JpT    t?::i    tnnX    ^^H'^l    And  he  came. 
••  t:    •       ••) :  •        t:     I     -:-  t- 

Aaron  and  all  the  elders  of  Israel  (Exod.  xviii.  12).  Generally 
the  verb  is  governed  by  the  chief  person  in  the  sentence. 

3.  Sometimes,  when  the  verb  stands  before  the  noun,  it  is 
regarded  as  impersonal^  and  agrees  with  the  following  noun 
neither  in  gender  nor  in  number,  e.  g.,  HlD"'  0*^^.3  ^^IJDJ  {*^7l 


30 

And  it  was  not  found  beautiful  women  (Job  xlii.  15),  H^'n"'  "'S 
n'njj^  if  there  be  a  virgin  (Dent.  xxii.  23). 

4.  The  conjunction  of  several  nouns  in  the  same  sentence 
is  done  either  by  placing  tlie  1  copulative  before  every  noun, 
as  i*)iDni  llfe'1  IDDX]  il3J71  and  his  man-servant,  and  his 
maid-servant,  and  his  ox,  and  his  ass  (Ex.  xx.  14),  or  before  the 
last  noun,  as  rnin**!  ^)b  ])^i2P  p^^^"l  J^euben,  Simeon, 
Levy  and  Jehudah  (Ex.  i.  2.),  or  by  placing  the  conjunc.  before 

the  second  and  fourth  nouns  :    *?^'^1  *n^  "^^flDJI  ?"1  T>s.n  and 

••  T  :      T      •   T  :  -:    1  T 

Naphthali,  Gad  and  Asher ;  and  when  there  are  three  nouns, 
only  before  the  last. 

5.  AYhen  several  nouns  stand  in  predicate,  all  must  have  the 

same  sign,  v■^lr:y"n^^T^^■^n2"n^^  vonp-n^^i  riz;np"n^^ 

P^n^^"n^?1  His  taclies,  and  his  boards,  his  bars,  his  pillars, 
and  his  sockets  (Ex.  xxxv.  11).  T]^D^?^1  T]"]5i;^l  Tjb 
TlDt^^in /I  Ti^'^2?i^^1  For  thee  and  for  thy  servant,  and  for 
thy  maid,  and  for  thy  hired  servant,  and  for  thy  stranger  tliat 
sojourneth  with  thee  (Levit.  xxv.  6).  The  same  is  the  case 
with  all  the  propositions. 

6.  When  one  object  has  several  adjectives,  they  must  all 
agree  with  the  object.  (See  §  VIII.  1.)  But  when  the  object 
is  constructed  to  the  adjective,  it  is  not  modified. 

7.  Nouns  belonging  to  one  subject,  which  are  explanatory 
of  one  another,  if  they  stand  before  the  subject,  must  have  the 
same  mark  as  the  subject,  e.  g.,  "Hi^  T]*l'^n"'"ri^?  TjIlB^ri^ 
pnii'^  Thy  son,  thy  only  one,  Isaac  (Gen.  xxii.  2).  TJ'^H^^  /^ 
l^j;  ^^  to  thy  brother,  to  Esau  (ibid,  xxxii.  6).  But  when 
the  subject  precedes,  the  other  nouns  need  not  stand  in  the 

case,  e.  g.,  r\^^^r\  Tjn?  ^n"].3  not  TjIlD?  ^H^?  * 

-^-^ 

s  XYII.— COISTSTKUCT  STATE. 


same 


1.  When  any  idea  is  to  be  expressed  in  Hebrew  by  two 
words,  it  is  formed  by  the  first  noun  being  constructed  to  the 


31 

second.  (See  §  VII.  1).  The  second  noun  is  then  defining  the 
first,  as :  H'^'ID  ^  town,  n*li^  a  field,  TOD  D^^D  ^^7^1  city, 
residence,  H^Dr^^n  nli^   the  Machpelah  field.     This  con- 

struct  form  can  occur  in  an  active  as  well  as  in  a  passive  sub- 
ject.    Often  we  find  two  synonyms  in  construct  state,  as  p^^ 

nt^j;  green  herb,  ^■^1DJ;.n^^^^D  work  of  labor,  "'p^j;^  flJO 
part  of  my  portion. 

2.  The  words  Jl^^N?,  ^W^,  |3'  n?'  ^J?2'  H^J^S^  ^22^ 
D'^t^J^^'  n1^2 '  ^^®  often  constructed  with  an  abstract,  to 
form  an  adjective,  as  H  ul^n  ^^^  ^  wise  man,  ^'^H  H^^  ^ 
valiant  woman,  niD"?3  ^  condemned  man  (to  death)  HJ^  H"^ 
a  (w^oman)  year  old,  n5^*p"I3  ^^  arrow  (lit.  the  son  of  the 
bow). 

3.  A  noun  can  be  constructed  to  another  noun,  adjective 
and  a  demonstrative  pronoun,  as  HT  Dip?p  ^^  to  this  place, 

n^i^  njj'^y  doer  of  these.  It  can  also  be  constructed  to  a 
numeral,  e.  g.,  U^^IJ^^^  ?2  son  of  forty  (forty  years  old). 
The  noun  can  never  be  constructed  to  a  particle  or  verb, 
except  by  ellipsis,  e.  g.,  Q^ffi^?  rpy^r\  n;p^?  llZ/i^  QlpP 
□^'   where  it  is  to  be  read  as  "W"^^    D'''n^P^?    DlpO    ^^^^^ 

'n  "121  n^nn  which  is  to  be  read  -)^fr^  rmiir\  n^nn 

*)^*1 .  Also  to  a  particle,  whtjn  the  particle  is  regarded  as  a 
substantive,  as  "^^^^'^/'"nD  ^311  ^^^  wliatsoever  he  sheweth 

me  (Numb,  xxiii.  3).  Neither  can  a  noun  be  constructed  to 
a  noun  with  a  proposition. 

4.  When  a  noun  is  constructed  to  several  nouns,  it  is  re- 
peated when  the  nouns  are  of  difi'erent  kinds,  but  when  tliev 
are  of  the  same  kind,  the  construct  noun  is  not  repeated,  e.  g., 
Tf}m}^  np?1  "^Opn?  "^I^pl  "^JCO?  nS?  tlie  noun  is 
every  time  repeated ;  ji^^Sl  H^^^HI  jpjl  m^VV^  HEn  y"]vX 
the  noun  is  not  repeated. 


32 

Often  there  are  several  nouns  in  the  construct  state,  as 
•^!)^^  Thl2  ^3/  T^'l^  "^"l?  ^^^  which  case  one  noun  explains 
the  other,  but  two  or  more  separate  nouns  cannot  be  con- 
structed to  one  noun.     Thus  you  cannot  say  :   H^ll^ffl  nDpH 

□nt^  but  must  say :  in^i'zni  D"i^^  no^H . 

TT  T  :  TT  :    T 

«  ♦  » . 

§  XYIII.— PECULIAR  USE  OF  THE  NOUN. 


1.  The  Hebrew  uses  sometimes  the  same  noun  twice,  eitlier 
in  the  same  gender  and  number,  or  in  different  numbers.  If 
it  is  used  in  tlie  same  number,  it  has  the  significance  of  every 
one,  as,  ^^^^it^"*  fl^BiD  '^^^  ^O^^  ^^^^'2/  ^^^^^^  <^^'  the  house  of 
Israel,  2^  Dr  ^^^^"2/  day,  daily.  Secondly,  emphasis,  as  pH!^ 
n1*l"^np"'y  Highteousness,  rigliteousness  follow.  HB'p 
p]2*D  ^  altar,  altar!  (1  Kings  xiii.  2).  When  two  nouns  are 
united  by  ^  conjunctive  it  signifies  a  diversity  between  the  two 
nouns,  as  tl^^S  UV^  Dj;i  TGnrD  Hmd  r^y''^]^  This  land 
and  that  land  as  it  writes,  and  one  people  or  another  people 
as  it  speaks  (Esth.  i.  22).  n3T  nl?!  3|?3  with  a  double 
heart  do  they  speak.  But  when  the  first  noun  is  in  singular 
and  the  second  in  plural,  it  denotes   the  superlative,   as  TD^ 

D^r7?0  ki"t^  <^*  kings,   i.  <?.,   the   highest  king,  likewise  t^l^p 
Qij^»-]p  holy  of  holiness,    '%.  d.,  the  most  holy  (See  §  YIII.  5). 

•  ♦  • 

§  XIX.— RELATION  OF  THE  ADJECTIVE,  ADVERB 
AND  VERB  TO  THE  NOUNS. 


1.  The    verl),   adverb,   and    adjective   must  agree   with   the 
noun  in  gender  and  number  (See  §  VIII.  1).      And  in  construct 
state  the  adverb  or  adjective   must  agree  with   the   noun   con- 
structed, as  n^linD  ^'"^  n^^*^"'   the  fear  of  the  Lord  is   pure. 
T        :  -     :  • 

The  adverb   n*lin[0   ^s  therefore  fern,   because   the  construct 
n^^n*^  is  feni. 


33 

2.  When  several  nouns  of  various  genders  belong  to  one 
verb,  the  verb  is  used  in  the  gender  of  the  most  prominent 
noun,  e.  g.,  ^^TK^y\  '^l"!?^  HS^SH  inp^  ^y^^'^\  And 
she  wrote  Esther  the  queen  and  Mordechai  the  Jew  (Esth.  ix. 
20),  Esther  being  the  chief  person.  Tj^  pp^  ^ni^ijl  Hprnn 

Wisdom  and  knowledge  is  granted  unto  thee  (2  Chron.  i.  12). 
The  second  noun   J^*1p.  being   of  a  higher   degree,   the   verb 

agrees  with  in. 

3.  Sometimes  the  noun  is  in  plural  and  the  verb  in  singular, 
and  this  for  two  reasons.  1)  Because  there  is  an  ellipsis,  as 
TjigStJ^D    *ll^^l  where   it   is    to   be    understood,    riH^?     /3 

n!z;'''VDDSi;:^'?3^'  also  rn^^  ni:i3  js  rr^^^  nusD  nn^^  ^3 

T  T    )    V  T    :    *    •  t^:t  t  t-:t  t    • t 

2)  Lies  it  in  the  imagination  of  the  writer,  seeing  each  of  the 

n1^3  singly  mounting  the  wall  (Gen.  xlix.  22). 

4.  Where  the  noun  constructed  has  the  same  meaning  as  the 
noun  to  which  it  is  constructed,  or  where  one  noun  can  be  left 
out  entirely,  the  verb  agrees  with  the  second  noun,  as  J^^J 

PPnn  ^^  rii^T.!^  when  the  plague  of  leprosy  will  be  (Lev. 
xiii.  9).  The  noun  ^;jj  though  it  is  masc,  the  verb  is  yet  in 
fem.  n^'nn  >  because  the  nouns  could  be  inverted,  or  the  first 
noun  left  out  altogether.  So  in  ^on  ^  \CWT\  nPlSlil 
Neither  did  the  cruse  of  oil  fail  (1  Kings  xvii.  16);  the  con- 
struct nnSy  feminine,  yet  the  verb  ^IpH  i^i  masc,  because  it 
refers  to  the  oil^  not  to  the  cruse. 

5.  The  adverb  and  adjective  belonging  to  a  collective  noun, 
can  be  in  sing,  as  w^ell  as  in  plur.  It  is  in  sing,  when  it  refers 
to  the  whole,   as   3'^"]  7i"ljl  Qj;   A  people   great   and  many 

(Deut.  iii.  21),  but  in  plur.  when  it  refers  to  each  individual,  as 

n.^^3  IP  ^l^J^  DJ^"1  And  the  people  came  up  out  of  Jordan 

(Josh.  iv.  19),  where  every  individual  is  meant. 

6.  Some  nouns  have  only  the  pi.  number,  as   □'^JS  face, 


34 

Q'^'^n    li^e,   Q'^Q   water,   Q'^D^*  *     and   the   verb,   adverb,  or 

adjective  belonging  to  them  are  to  be  always  in   plural.     The 
nounL^  |il5^  and  7^2  often  come  to  stand  in  plural,  whilst  the 

verb  and  adjective  stand   in  singular,  as  tl^L^O  D^2)'^^  ^  cruel 

lord  (Is.  xix.  4),  vb::2  nob)  •       .    "  ^ 


XX.— FKOKOUlSrS. 


1.  The  personal  pronouns  in  Hebrew  are  either  separable 
words,  or  letters  added  to  the  verb  (See  §  IX.  1).  But 
sometimes    they    are   both   used   together,    as    y]^^^    "^IJ^J^^? 

^1^^  *ri^?l'  ^bp  ^pn3  my  own  vineyard. 

2.  Often  the  pronouns,  in  such  a  case,  are  changed,  e.  g.^ 
^^r}^  TlllV  nn^  n*!irp  Judah,  thy  brethren  shall  praise 
thee  (Gen.  xlix.  8),  where  it  ought  to  be  T]1*lV  TlHi^^  >  or 
Dri^  Di?'''13d  ^^^^  jo^^i'  carcases  (Numb.  xiv.  32),  where  it 
should  l)e  Qr*'^^'  Dr'^I^Dl  •  Sometimes  they  stand  even 
double,  e.  ^.,  (""Hl^^^  ^"^H  QJ  ^^Til  ^iid  she,  even  she  said 
(Gen.  XX.  5),  T]^"li^  DH  Qm  they,  they  are  thy  lot  (Is.   Ivii. 

6),  for  emphasis'  sake. 

3.  The  personal  pronoun  dative  "^7  ,  Tr) ,  etc.,  is  sometimes 

used  without  denoting  the  dative  case,  as  i*^  rD1k^*^5  ^  ^^'^11 
return  (Numb.   xxii.  34).     ^  i^lj rh  ''^in  ^  D^^ 

*  I  give  it  according  to  the  general  idea  of  the  Hebrew  Grammarians,  bnt  I 
believe  that  the  nouns  D*0 ,  D^Tl  and  D^DE^  are  rather  in  Dual  form,  and  that 
for  certain  reason.  Of  D^tt  we  read  (Gen.  i.  7)  that  it  was  divided  into  two 
parts.  Of  c,"n  we  know  that  it  is  divided  into  two  parts,  viz.,  the  life  here  and 
hereafter.     Also  D^'-5^  which  means  sky,  and  is  derived  from  DC*  there,  space, 

is  in  dual,  mea;  ing  the  two  hemispheres.     The  Kabbala  says  :  p^PD  13  fjlD  pX 

inx  n3Q  nn  n^tD'^X^^  nn^':''^t:'  n""inN^  nnU'lS  when  the  infinite  intended  to 

— .      T  T  ••  T     ••  :  ••          •  :         TT      -  :         ••         :  • 

shew  his  perfection,  and  to  do  good  by  it,  he  made  a  place,  etc.  The  place 
must  be  in  existence,  before  anything  existing  can  be.  Hence  "  In  the  begin- 
ning God  created  heaven,  i.  e.,  space,  and  the  earth." 


35 

If  thou   knowest  not go  (Cant.  i.   8).     Yet  even  liere, 

where  the  particle  seems  to  be  superfluous,  it  denotes  that  the 
action  is  to  the  advantage  of  the  subject. 

4.  The  demonstrative  pronoun  H]  "^-j  H^^l  f-?  H^^  P^-  ^-^ 
denotes  some  person  or  thing  which  is  present,  or  by  relation 
we  have  become  aquainted  with  it,  as  if  it  were  present,  as 
"'n^Jgnn  n^n  '^VJn  b^  for  this  child  I  prayed  (Sam. 
i-  27),  lJ^!ilO  D^]  this  we  found  (Gen.  xxxvii.  32).  The 
pron.  n*  ^n  '  I'^n  are  used  for  a  present  object  at  a  distance : 
r\}br\  D"''^^n  ^P  who  is  t/mt  man?  (Gen.  xxiv.  65).  The 
demonstrative  "T  generally   stands  for   concrete  nouns,   ^^* 

for  abstract  nouns. 

5.  Also  with  these  pronouns,  as  with  the  verbs,  there  is  a 
repetition,  w^hen  tliey  are  connected  by  the  copulative  ) ,  which 
denotes  a  diversity,  as  li^^  1^1^^  Hll  ^02  ipl^^  HV  One 
said  on  this  manner,  and  another  said  on  that  manner  (1  Kings 

xxii.  20).     Also  D'^DID^  ^O^)  ^D^Zl  Hv^  These  in  chariot^s, 

.....      ..   ...J. 

and  those  in  horses  (Ps.  xx.  8).  The  personal  pronoun  is  also 
sometimes  used  as  a  demonstrative,  as  |*ini^l  nk^D  ^IH  These 

are  Moses  and  Aaron  (Exodus  vi.  27).  We  often  also  find 
the  personal  and  demonstrative  pronouns  together,  or  two 
demonstratives  (but  in  w^iich  case  the  second  is  always  {^^JH 
or  on)  together,  as  Tp^JZ'B  HllD  ^^IH  '^ITJ^^  "^r^J^^  I,  even 

1     TV     :  V  •       T         •        T 

I,  am  he  that  blotteth  out  thy  transgressions  (Is.  xliii.  25). 
^'ZV)!^  D"  rhi^  These  are  my  feasts  (Lev.  xxiii.  2).     The 

second  pronoun  in  these  cases  is  always  explanatory  of  the  first. 

6.  The  demonstrative  pronouns  must  also  agree  with  the 
noun  constructed,  like  the  adjective  (See  §  XYIII.  1).  When, 
however,  the  noun  to  which  it  is  constructed,  is  the  chief  noun, 
the  demonstrative  agrees  with  it,  and  not  with  the  construct, 
as  Jni^'in  rrnlnn  ISp?  ^^  ^^^  book  of  this  law  (Deut.  xxviii. 
61).  The  demonstrative  can  also  take  a  preposition  when  a 
noun  is  implied  by  it,  as  niD  ^^   this  place  (Gen.  xlviii.  9). 


36 

Also  (Ps.  xxvii.  3)  nci3  -ij^lt  ni^n  in  this  will  I  be  con- 
fident ;  rii^-in  *1D^3  is  to  be  understood. 

T    T- 


§  XXI.— KELATION  OF  THE  YEEB. 


1.  The  verb  usually  precedes  the  noun,  n{J^?0  HDi^^'l  ^^d 
said  Moses.  When,  however,  the  emphasis,  or  stress,  is  put  on 
the  noun,  it  will  precede  the  verb,  as  niJDiC^*  H^iL^I  And 
Sarah    was   hearing   (Gen.    xviii.    10),  2*'^pn    lij^'IDI    ^"d 

Pharaoh  drew  nigh  (Exod.  xiv.  10).  When  two  verbs  refer 
to  one  noun,  the  noun  stands  between   the  verbs,  as   "^n^^l 

D^^'l  D*)Di^    ^nd    Abram    removed   his   tent.... and  dwelt 
T  :  - 

(Gen.  xiii.  18).  Where  several  verbs  refer  to  one  noun,  the 
noun  stands  either  after  the  first  or  after  the  last  verb. 

2.  In  Hebrew,  like  in  most  ancient  languages,  the  second 
person  is  addressed  in  sing,  only;  if  the  word  Lord  is  added, 
the  verb  is  put  in  3d  pers.  sing.,  as  7^^*  ''J"i^^  My  lord  has 

asked   (Gen.   xliv.    19),    n^^lS  ^>*1^    -^^t   Pharaoh    look   out 

(ibid.  xli.  33).     The  word  ]'l^  or  Tl'^P  ^^  here  to  be  understood. 

3.  The  verb  has  three  tenses  (See  §  X.  5),  past,  progressive 
present,  and  future.  The  past  may  imply  imperfect,  as  (Gen. 
xxi.  1) :  n*1t^"n5<  npD  'HI  ^"d  Grod  visited  Sarah.  Again 
Dl*l^^  n3  T]  jli^  "IpS  II®  ^^^  visited  thine  iniquity,  O  daughter 
of  Edom  (Lam.  iv.  22) — and  pluperfect,  when  it  follows  a  per- 
fect, as  nnC"''5 nypCi^"  ^2  For  she  heard that  he 

had  visited  (Rutli  i.  6).  In  prophetic  language,  the  past  is 
used  for  the  future,  as  "'riPlJ  ^J^^l"?  instead  of  )T-\'^  ^iZ*]]? 
(Gen.  XV.  18).     Thus  it  is  sometimes  used  for  the  present,  as 

jpy.^?  njn^?i  for  ^\^^n^^  mnvsii . 

4.  The  He])rew  language,  properly  speaking,  has  no  present 
tense  (and  in  fact,  time  being  transient,  cannot  have  a  present). 
It  combines,  however,  past  and  future,  and  forms  a  present,  as 


A 


y 


Ji 


niD7  7^X[  ^r^J^  n^n  Beholdl  I  am  going  {4lf.fj\\me)     (,^ 
to  die  (Gen.  xxv.   32).     This  tense  is  formed  by  the  parti oi'^Jlfej 
with  the  personal  pron,  nom.  before  it.  ^^' 

5.  This  form  sometimes  also  stands  for  the  future,  as  "^J^H 
^^''DD  Behold,  I  shall  bring  (Gen.  vi.  17).  Also  when  an 
action  appears  as  present,  it  is  used  in  this  form,  as  u^T]  HyiC^ 
And  Pharaoh  was  dreaming  (Gen.  xlviii.  1).  When  an  action 
which  is  often  repeated  is  described,  the  future  is  used  instead 
of  the  past,  as  "^^^  r\^T  (1^3  So  used  Job  to  do  (Job  i.  5). 

The  same  is  the  case  with   an  action  which  is  entirely  indepen- 
dent of  time,  as  2^^  r\\^^*^  DDl  ?3  ^  wise  son  makes  glad  a 
T        :       T  T     )  •• 

father  (Prov.  x.  1). 

6.  The  hifinitive  gives  an  abstract  idea  of  the  action,  as 
Tji^n  to  go,  ril3n  to  smite ;  independent  of  time  and  person 

But  it  may  take  the  prepositions  ^,  3,  ^,  ^,  as  Tj^j^HB  in 
going,  '7&)i\2  like  going,  TjISh^  to  go  {i.  e.,  in  order  to  go), 
TliSlD  from  going.  It  is  treated  like  a  noun.  It  is  also 
placed  before  the  past  or  future  to  imply  a  certainty,  as  *1p5 
lipD''  lie  will  surely  visit  (Gen.  1.  24).  When  the  infinitive 
is  joined  to  tlie  imperative  or  participle,  it  takes  the  second 
place,  as  ]3\]2^  IJ^D?^'  Hear  ye  indeed  !  (Is.  vi.  9),  □'^D^ln 
rchr\  Still  went  on  (2  Kings  ii.  11). 

7.  The  infinitive  Kal^  which  is  the  easiest  to  be  pronounced, 
is,  when  in  itself  without  meaning,  as  above,  placed  before  any 
other  paradigm  of  the  same  verb,  as  H'^D  ^^^  where  the 
first  is  in  Kal,  the  second  in  Pual ;  3J;P  3^^  the  first  Kal,  the 

•T  •  T 

second  Niphal ;  ^'I'^pp^  *^5?P  ^^  ^^^^  ^^^^  ^^  -^1^1  0^^^^  ^^  ^^  is 
not  used  in  Kal,  the  Piel  stands  for  Kal)  and  the  second  in 
Hiphil.  As  the  iifiiiitive  is  to  be  regarded  as  an  abstract 
noun,  it  is  sometimes  interchauged  with  the  participle,  as 
b^'^t:^  iJ^I    n^   "nDOp^   And   number   a   fourth   part   of 


38 
Israel  (Num.  xxiii.  10),  instead  of  *l1Sp^1 »  HDpn  iljp  ^or 

nppn  |yp 

8.  The  imperative  mood  (See  §  X.  4)  can  only  be  used  in 
the  affirmative  command ;  when  in  the  negaiive,  the  future 
with  the  adverb  ^7  or  7^  is  used,  as  1*1210  ^  /   remember 

not,  n<3]D /H  T'N  do  not  go  !  etc.     The  imperative  also  can 

only  be  used  in  active^  not  in  passive  voice ;  but  in  Niphal, 
which  is  properly  a  deponent  verb  and  has  the  same  meaning 
as  Kal,  the  imperative  is  used. 

9.  The  future  proper  has  one  form  (See  Tab.  of  the  verb). 
The  Hebrew  uses,  however,  a  commanding  future  (jussive) 
and  that  by  omitting  the  quiescent  letter  of  the  future  * 
(apocap.),  and  a  future  optative^  which  expresses  a  wish.  The 
commanding  form,  as  ^COD"^  ^^  shall  (not  will)  rain  (Psalm  xi. 

6),  "TT'  it  sliall  be ;  or,  let  there  be  !  is  of  frequent  occurrence. 

The  future  optative  is  formed  by  suffixing  H  to  the  first  pers. 
sing,  and  pi.,  and  a  7  to  the  second  and  third  pers.  plural  masc. 
rCP^  I  will  go,  n^^J  we  will  go,  jl^bl  they  will  go,  jD^n 

you  will  go. 

»  »  » 

§  XXII.— Y AY  CONJUNCTIYE. 


1.  The  letter  ^  at  the  beginning  of  a  word  (except  eleven 
words,  most  of  which  are  proper  nouns)  with  a  Sli'va  (~)used 
before  a  letter  with  a  Sh'va,  or  a  letter  of  its  own  class  ^,  ^,  3» 
is  the  equivalent  of  the  conjunction  and. 

2.  The  copulative,  by  way  of  explanation^  as  1l'^J7!Iil  HD^IS 
in  Ramah,  even  in  his  own  city  (1  Sam.  xxviii.  3).  So  *l'^j; 
[^'ir^pT  a  watcher  {i.  e.,  an  angel)  even  a  holy  one  (Dan.  iv.  10). 

3.  As  an  adversative — but — like  the  adverb  7^2!^  as  "^  j*I^?  ^7 
ti^-^^t;^  Not  so,  my  lord,  but  thy  servants  (Gen.  xlii.  10). 

*  Hence  this /w««^r6  is  found  in  the  regular  verb  in  Hiphil,  and  in  verbs 
?\"^  in  all  the  paradigms. 


39 

4.  As  an  apodosis  thou^  as  D"''?3n  /^  0^/111  P'^D^Jl  ^^d 
when  thou  art  athirst,  then  go  to  the  vessels  (Ruth  ii.  9).  The 
like  adverb  is  ]i^  or  "'^^^ . 

5.  As  the  adverb  Q^  ri^  although,  yet^  as  rUH"!!^  "^3 
nDn*1  *121D  '''"'1  3n^  ^or  he  loved  Hannah,  yet  the   Lord 

T    :     ~       -T  -       -  T 

had  shut  up  her  womb  (1  Sam.  i.  6). 

6.  As  adcBquationis,  so^just  so,  adverb  |3  ,  As  D^^^^p  D''D 

pn^D  yiNiQ  n^ici  nj;iDi^*i  nD^.y.  iz;5?j  by  ascoui  water 

to  a  thirsty  soul,  so  is  good  news  from  a  far  country  (Proverb 
XXV.  25). 

7.  As  a  disjunctive  (See  §  XVII.  1),  e.  g.,  I^^^l  l''^^  HSDl 

And  he  that  smites  his  father,  or  his  mother  (Exod.  xxi.  15), 
like  adverb  "^^  . 

8.  As  inferential,  like  the  adverb  jyOp  m  order  that,  as 

y^VJ^  ^\  D^PID  "h  n3T  ^  S^  ^^^^^  ^^^*  multiply  to 
himself  horses,  that  he  cause  to  return,  etc.  (Deut.  xvii.  16). 
When  doubled  1 ]  it  signifies  both.  .  . .  and,  as  n*11^57l  "H.jlbl  • 

9.  As  conclusive,  like  the  adverb  Yj^  therefore,  as  V^^_ 
T]^5)p  ^P^?P^1  '^"^  "I21"ri^  riD^Hp  Because  thou  hast  re- 
jected the  word  of  God,  therefore  God  has  rejected  thee  from 
being  king  (1.  Sam.  xv.  23). 

10.  As  T  conversive,  viz.,  when  \  with  a  ShVa  (1)  is  prefixed 

to  the  past  tense,  it  means  the  future,  and  when  a  T  with  a 
Pathach  or  a  Komats  (},  1),  is  prefixed  to  the  future  it  denotes 

the  past,  as  "ID^^I  and  he  will  say,  "Ipi*^^]  ^nd  he  said.  This 
holds  good  only  in  the  narrative  style ;  but  not  otherwise,  as 
"IpP^l  and  he  shall  appoint  (Esther  ii.  3). 


40 

Note. — The  root  of  the  Hebrew  Verb,  consistiDg  of  three  radicals,  being 
found,  without  any  prefix  or  sufl&x,  in  the  3d  person  masculine  singular  of  the 
past  tense,  the  conjugation  of  the  verb  therefore  begins  with  the  3d  pers. 
masc.  sing,  of  that  tense. 

TABLE  Z— FIRST  PARADIGM  ^j;^  OR  ^p_. 
Femin.  Com.  Masc. 

rr<d->  -id':'  ^- 


sinir. 


:    :'t  L  t   :     t 

•'niD?  1- 

Tip^  3.  pi. 


IJID^ 


1. 


Participle  Presen 

T  Active. 

r  ^;^J? 

'  "';?:{<  1-  sing. 

niDi'p^'    n« 

-i»i':'J   nn^2. 

y    vS^n 

«in  3. 

on  3. 

Participle  Present  Passive. 
Femin.  Masc. 

[    ><"%-i  ^  [    vsin  3. 

n:m>i  pjnjx  i-  pi- 

nimn'?-!    \m.  d''11d'?-|  dnj?  2. 

'  I      ID  '  [    an  3- 


41 

FtJTnRE  Tense. 

Fern. 

^   Com. 

Masc. 

iIdS^ 

1.  sing 

'1P'?n 

. 

-iiD'?n  2- 

"ilb'pn 

lib!?:  3- 

nto^J 

1.  pi. 

n;-iiD'?n 

npbn  2- 

nl-jtoj'ri 

> 

iip^:  3. 

Future  Optative. 

Fern. 

Com. 

Masc. 

n-pbii 

1.  sing. 

''T?% 

T  .   :   • 

nlo'pn  2. 

1)6% 

-ilb'?^  3. 

■ 

nitDbi 

1.  pi. 

T    :      »:   * 

T :  :  * 

inp'pn  2. 

nj-!lD?n 

ppb:  3. 

Infinitive. 

iIdJ'    abs. 

3^p.    -\'iD)b, 

niD^3,    nto^5' 

"Ili37        cons. 

Imperative. 

'ip'? 

Ito'?  2.  sing. 

nJlib^ 

np^  2.  pi. 

42 


Fern. 


PARADIGM  ^yZ) 
Past. 
Com. 


Masc. 

1.  sing. 

""-ib^j  3. 
1.  pi. 

'3. 


n-jc"'?: 


nnc':': 


Participle  Passive. 

r  ^5J? 

r    •':?J^  I-  sing 

-p^j  j  nn^  2. 
j    i^^in  3. 

1  m 

r  ijmx  1-  pi- 
^ '    [     an  3. 

Fern. 

T   :  ••  ,T  • 


Future  Tense. 
Com. 


Masc. 

1.  sing. 

1.  pi. 

nD>'n  2. 
nc  •?"'  3. 


4:^ 


Infinitive. 


-i)?i>no>   iSi'n'?-   -5^"?'   "iD^n?.   -iip|n    co"- 


Imperative. 

Fern. 

Masc. 

'"!C^" 

lipVn  2.  sing. 

na-ip^n 

np|n  2.  pi. 

PARADIGM  ^j;9  . 

Past. 

Fem. 

Com. 

Maso. 

"n-isb 

1.  sing 

nils'? 

■ 

nnwb  2. 

rnj^h 

'-1:3'?  3- 

ijisb 

1.  pi. 

jnis'? 

Dr)-]©'?  2. 

n:?'? 

3. 

Participle  Active. 


nnsbo  i     nx 


-irsbc 


r    •'IJJ^^  1.  sing. 


I 


nnx  2. 


□ns^p  -j   dnx  2. 
[     an  3. 


44 

FuTUEE  Tense. 

Fem. 

Com. 

Masc. 

1.  sing. 

np^n  2. 

■  1.  pi. 
na'pn  2. 
n'^V:  3. 

ns^ip ,     ia^^ . 

Infinitive. 

T   :  •■  - 

Imperative. 

PARADIGM  b^Q  . 
Past. 

ID^     sing. 

n?^  pi. 

Fem. 

Com. 

Masc. 

1.  sing. 

nns'?  2. 
S's"?  3. 
■•  1.  pi. 

■   3. 

45 


^1^)^  i 


Participle  Passive. 


i:JJ}^  1.  sing. 


I 


^■'H 


r  un:t< 


T   '.  :     1  !  •••  - 

in 


T  •;  :     1  T  - 


•T 


I 


an  3- 


Infinitive. 

'^l^b       abs. 

P '    ~wbb 

n5^5' 

-q'?3 

is'?       con. 

No  Imperative. 

PARADIGM  ^^ 

v.^n- 

Past. 

Fem. 

Com. 

Masc. 

'Jn-o'pn 

1.  sing. 

riisS? 

oiQ^n  2- 

rr\^Dbr\ 

h^Dbri  3. 

T     '     ',    ' 

i:-!D'?n 

1.  pi. 

ir)"DS"' 

■ 

cri-D'pn  2. 

n^p^-i 

"3. 

Participle  Active. 


rnc'pD 


nl"T'c':'D 


T 


r    ""pJX  1.  sin; 

Tp'pn  I  nnx  2. 
[  fr?in  3. 
f  ijnjx  1-  pi- 

bn  3. 


46 

FUTUEB. 

Fem. 

Com. 

Masc. 

td"?*? 

1.  sing. 

■'TP^n 

■ 

Tp^n  2- 

Tp^n 

"I'p'?:  ^• 

* 

1'O^J 

1.  pi. 

nJio'^n 

iTp^pn  2. 

nj-o'^n 

^f^tDbi  3. 

T   :  '■  -  : 

Futurp:  Apocap.  (Jussive). 
^em.  Com.  Masc. 


ro~!P'?n 
njip'pn 

1.  sing. 

ip^pn  2. 

1.  pi. 

np^n  2. 

i^p'?np ,  T'p^n^ . 

Infinitivb. 

Tp'pn?,  T 

p'?n?. 

"Ip^n       abs. 
,  -llp'pri       con. 

Fem. 

Impekativk. 

Masc. 

n"'c'?-  2.  pi. 

47 

PARADIGM  ^y^H- 
-  :  T 

Past. 
Fein.  Com.  Masc. 


nDbn 


Participle  Passive. 

Pkesent, 

r  '?J^ 

f  ■'?:n;  1-  sing. 

mobp^     r!^*? 

^'■'^   [      {<%-! 

[^    t<in  3- 

rijnj4< 

(^2riM  1-  pi- 

T  :  T  ^           1  V  - 

Dnp'pD-l   Dn«2. 

I    1^ 

""  ""  1     on  3. 

FCTFEE. 

Fem.  Com.  Masc. 

"!Db^  1-  sing. 

i6^n  -iD^;  3. 
no^^  ■  ^  1.  pi. 

nj-ic'f'n  nb'?^''  3. 


48 


Infinitive. 

no'pnQ,  iiQbrh,   nr^bro,  nr^bra,  lobn 


Eo  Imperative. 

PARADIGM  ^j;gnr 

I. 

Past. 

Fem. 

Com. 

Masc. 

•^nnr^Snn 

1.  sing. 

n-iS^nn 

' 

nisbnn  2. 

nir^vnn 

""nsrnn  s- 

T ;        :    • 

i:ipbon 

1.  pi. 

|0is5nn 

s 

Di;iis^0n  2- 

f 

M^pbr^n 

'3. 

Participle. 

' 

'?J^ 

f   •'^'JX  1.  sing- 

np^   ~m  2. 

n-ipbpp 

i 

f):m>< 

'ijn:>?  1-  pi- 
np-^  dnx  2. 

nnp^OP 

\ 

-< 

jn>^         D-io':' 

. 

FUTUBB. 

[_    on  3. 

Fem. 

Com. 

Masc. 

'^wbT)^ 

1.  sing. 

•^np^nn 

-ip^nn  2. 

npbnn 

ip2n:  3. 

* 

"i^bn; 

1.  pi. 

n^i-ipVnn 

■ 

npbnn  2. 

n^i»2nn 

np^n:  3. 

49 

Infinitive. 


ns^nni?.    nis^rin'?,    "la'^nn?.    "isbnn? 


Imperative. 

Fern. 

Masc. 

^^rrhnn 

nrD^nn  2.  sing. 

nji^20n 

nr?2nn  2.  pi. 

Only  the  Preterit  of  7p  have  I  put  according  to  the 
general  Hebrew  Tables.  3d  pers.  masc.  sing,  first.  In  the  rest 
of  Paradigms  the  order  of  the  persons  and  tenses  is  accord- 
ing to  the  modern  languages. 


The  following  Table  is  a  Paradigm  of  Kal  "Pp  with  Pro- 
nominal Suffixes,  which  serves  also  for  the  entire  verb,  as  they 
are  affixed  in  a  similar  manner  to  the  remaining  Conjuga- 
tions whose  meaning  admits  of  their  reception,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  Piel  7UB  which  slightly  deviates. 


VERB  ^0  WITH  AFFIXES. 
Preterite  of  *ID/  "he  taught." 
IJHD^     1-  «•  Pl-  suffix.  "i^HD^     1-  c.  sing,  suffix. 


2.  m. 


D;?iQ^.   2.  m.  rpDb 

p-;D^  2.  f  rjnh^  2.  f 

DnD^  3.  m.  ^•^9^1 


TT  : 


3.  m. 

T 
1 

T  T  : 


50 
ma'?  "  slie  taught." 

T  :  T 
IJOnob    l-c.pl.  suffix.  "'^rno'?     l.  csing.suffix. 

jOfV'?     3.  f. 


TjoirJ'p  2. 


irno'?) 
nn-io'^ ) 


m. 
2.  f. 


n'HD^  "  thou  didst  teach." 
Ijm.O'?     1-  "•  P'-  ^"®''-  ''Jrn.15'?     1    c.  sing,  suffix. 

T    :-  :  J  T    :-,:  -* 

nj;51D'?  3.  f. 


3.  f. 


riniD^  "  thou  (f.)  didst  teach." 

ij"'rnD'?  1-  "•  p'-  ^^^^-     "'^''rn.D'?  i-  o-  sing-  suffix. 
D^nio^  3.  m.  iiT'niD'?  ^-  "• 

pnio?  3.  f.  n^'nn.c?  3.  f. 


■'n'lO^  "  I  taught." 
Q2"'p-ip'p     2.  m.  pi.  suffix.         ?]''ri*lD7     2.  m.  sing,  suffix. 

p^niD?  2.  f.  "T]''niD^  2.  f. 

D^nip)  3.  m.  i,TnnD7r-  ■"• 

pnio'?  3.  f.  n^'i^i-ip?  3.  f. 


51 


111??  "  they  taught." 


1.  c.   pi.  suffix. 

2.  m. 

2.  f. 

3.  m. 
3.  f. 


1.  c.   sing,  suffix. 

2.  m. 

2.  f. 

3.  f. 


nnD^ 


|nnD^  or  nri^^D^  "  je  did  teach." 
IJiniD^     T^-  c.   pi.  suffix.  •'3iniD^     1-  c-    sing,  suffix. 


P^T 


3.  m. 
3.  f. 


fflnn'D^  3.  f. 


IJ^D^  "  we  did  learn.*' 
DDIJID^     2.  m.  pi.  suffix.  T]1jnD^     2-  ^-  sing,  suffix. 

mjHo^  3.  m.  inijnb^  3.  m. 


|iJlb^ 


3.  f. 


nij^D^  3.  f. 


Participle  act.  1D)b  learning,  or  a  learner,  is  suffixed  like 
the  noun.     Likewise  the  participle  passive  ni^7  . 


Future,  HID/'^  " ^^  will  learn.' 


Ijnp'?'^     1.  c.   pi.  suffix. 
C-ilJ^-i     3.  m. 


'^J*1^7''  1.  c.  sing,  suffix. 

Tpbb\  2.  m. 

rp^b\  2.  f. 

mnp^l  3.  m. 

niDb"^  3.  f. 


52 

The  1st  sing,  and  pi.  and  2d  m.  sing,  follow  the  same  form, 
by  changing  {))  into  ( — );  but  before  the  suflSxes  )^,  Qp,  and 
Ti  it  is  changed  into  short  ( — ).     H  is  preceded  by  (•.*) . 

I  T  T 

The  2d  fem.  sing,  and  3d  and  2d  pi.  m.  take  the  suffixes 
without  any  change.  The  2d  and  3d  pi.  f.  drop  HJ  a,nd  pre- 
ceding ) . 


Infinitive  IID  /  "  to  learn.** 

T 

1JTD  /     ^'  ^-    P^-  suffix.  "^ID  /     1-  ^'    s^^o-  suffix. 

DDIP^     2.  m.  Tj^p^     2.  m. 

pip^     2.  f.  rj-ip^     2.  f. 

Q^bS     3.  m.  )^^l2b     3-  ^' 


pp'5  3.  f.  nnp^ 


3.  f. 
T  :  T 


Imperative  ^^7  "  learn  !  " 
!)J*|^^     1.  c.    pi.  suffix.  ""jniO^     1-  c.    sing,  suffix. 

u^fy?  3.  m.  inip7  3.  m. 

nn^  3.  f.  rnn^  3.  f. 

I  ••:  T  t:  T 


PARADIGM  bVB  WITH  SUFFIXES. 

!)j*np^    1.  c.  pi.  suffix.  ^J^IP"?    ^'  ^-  ^^"^*  ^"^^• 

□  ;^n^^     2.  m.  Tjn?3b     2.  m. 

pH^S    2.  f.  .  r^np^'    2.  f. 

Q-ip^     3.  m.  ^np^     3.  m. 

P^b   3.  f.  nnrbb   3.  f. 


53 


ir 

a- 

r-  * 

c 

n: 

ir 

ir 

Si: 

IT 

nil 

n: 

n: 

n: 

n. 

.-T^ 

t 

r  /^ 

Hh 

rii 

f 

'  '   /) 

'''-\  /; 

HI- 

rii 

riH 

rii 

'     i 

'»"/•; 

/i*  S   r  'i,  X 

7>i 

-j^ 

.-r. 

»j 

,j^ 

'    /    V 

.S^ 

'    VL/p, 

H 

it: 

Qi 

#-  1 

r  1 

Sir 

ri: 

ITi 

ITi 

Hi 

%i* 

;z; 

ir- 

55; 

%I 

%i- 

%. 

%i 

ri. 

o 

CI 

r 

r 

ri: 

ri- 

IT 

CO 

,-r- 

HH 

P 

c? 

%• 

Q 

ni 

%•• 

CI 

ni 

pq 

* 

Ph 

% 

a- 

ri: 

%i 

%' 

%■ 

1 

n: 

%' 

n 

n: 

n: 

1 

CI- 

.J^ 

jr^ 

.J^ 

.J^ 

fe^ 

s 

r-l- 

n: 

IT: 

oi 

5^' 

ri 

ri: 

ri: 

J^ 

%H 

% 

%H 

ni 

%H 

%: 

%: 

% 

ni 

ri: 

n 

n 

n 

n 

ri.. 

i:^L 

.j^ 

.J^ 

J^ 

JF^ 

,j^ 

ji^ 

.j^H 

,J^ 

J« 

1 

fS 

p 

< 

1 

0 

0 

'-t-5 

2 

0 

-1^ 

■4-3 

^ 

3 

_H 

c 

S 

1 

1 

i 

q3 

S 

1— < 

l-H 

54 
TAJ^ZFIIL-YEnB  yr)  IMPERFECT  (§  XL  1). 
PAKADIGM  hp_  . 
Past. 


Fem. 

Com. 

Masc. 

^;j  3.  sing. 
3.  pi. 

]r)m 

ICII 

>LE  ACTI^ 

13?^:j 

,ESSIVE  PrES 

1. 

Part 

\.'E  (Peogr 

5ENT). 

^PP 

i 
i 

r- 

I 
p 

m: 

iB. 

•^3^^  1.  sing. 

T  ~ 

r\W^:i 

TIN 
"P 

ABTICIPLl 

Eegulj 

mi^  1-  pi- 
Dm  2- 

DO  3. 

s  Passive 

Future. 

Fern. 

Com. 

Masc. 

1.  sing. 

V^^ 

t'^r\  2. 

mr\ 

m; 

1.  pi. 

ny0n 

lE'^n  2. 

T  :  ~  • 

ii::*-i1 3. 

55 

Infinitive. 

nmD,     nmb^     r^:o,     nm2 


T 

nC^*3        con. 


Fem. 

Imperative. 

Masc. 

''m 

E?3  2.  sing. 

nj0 

!|tl?3  2.  pi. 

PARADIGM  'ipyCJ- 

Past. 

Fern. 

Com. 

Masc. 

n^u 

t^'^J  3-  sing. 

iji^jj 

T  *    —  * 

"ncs'^J 

1, 

\m} 

3.  pi. 

iri!?^3J 

Qr]m:^  2. 

i:0: 

1. 

Participle  Passive. 

etc.    i;^3jn 


abs. 
con. 


The  conjugation  of  the  rest  of  Niphal  is  regular.    Fut.  ^^^'^ . 
Piel  and  Pual  like  the  regular  verb. 


Past  Tense 
Participle 
Future  simple 


PARADIGM  ^•'ypn. 
\^^-ir\  etc.       Future  Apoc.  \^X[     etc. 

^"■'^Q  etc.       Infinitive,  abs.  J^'-jH,  con.  ^'"^^n 
^^^'^  etc.       Imperative  C^/^iin     etc. 


Future  optative  HCj^'^ii^  etc. 


PAEADIGM  bv.^ri' 

^'^n                                  Future  Tense 

&^r 

\!J:^r2                                  Infinitive 

mn 

Past  Tense 

Participle 

No  Imperative. 

The  Hitlipael  is  conjugated  like  the  regular  verb. 


Yerbs  ^"Q  are  of  three  classes. 

1.  Where,  when  the  first  radical  "^  is  omitted,  the  second 
radical  takes  a  daghesh.  Of  this  class  there  are  but  four  verbs, 
viz.,  ^^"1  to  spread  out,  fut.  j;y ;  plji  to  pour,  fut.  p)j;^ ;  '^i^'' 
to  form,  fut.  li^'';  and  lastly  fl^*^  to  kindle,  fut.  fl^^  • 

2.  Where  the  Verb  is  originally  a  V'^ ,  in  which  case  the 
first  letter  is  either  dropped  or  changed  into  )  in  some  of  the 
paradigms. 

3.  Were  the  Yerb  is  originally  *^"Q,  in  which  case  the  first 
letter  ^  is  retained  throughout  all  tenses  and  paradigms. 


zi:ir.- 

-VERB IMPEKFECT  ^ 

"2  (Originally  V'^). 

PAEADIGM 

bp_. 

Past. 

1 

Fem. 

Com. 

Masc. 

n?^; 
^?K 

*    *    ~  T 

2]^^  3.  sing 

1. 

131^1 

3.  pi. 

l^r^': 

1J5S'"; 

1. 

67 


Pakticiple  Active  (Pkogkessive  Pees  ). 


I 


^r\  3. 


nnnj«  1-  pi- 


I 


on  3- 


Pakticipi-e  Passive  ^ICi'^  "  seated," 

T 

is  conjugated  like  tlie  Participle  Active. 


Fem. 


T  :  -   •• 


T  :  -  •• 


Future. 
Com. 


optat.  n2^j 


Masc. 


1.  sinsf". 


ll.  pi. 

opt.  |13-^;;  j 


3. 


Infinitive. 

2*ti'"'       abs. 

n^t^'P'    nnE'b.     n5i?;3,    n:ic:'2.     nTi:?^   con. 


Fem. 

Imperative. 

Masc. 

'?^' 

2ti^'   2.    SlDg. 

nj^E'" 

^1\^  2.  pi. 

58 
PARADIGM  hv^i  ^ERB  vg  (GRIG.  V'S) 


Past  Tense  2Z^)^  y  TDt^'lj  etc. 
-  T  : 

Par.  Pass.  2^)1  ^'-  D^^)^  etc. 


Future  Tense  '^'^^^  etc. 

Infinitive  abs.  and  con.  2{7'^n 


Imperative,  as  Infinitive. 


PARADIGMS  bys,  b^jj?  AND  ^j;Dnn 

are  conjugated  like  the  regular  Verb. 


PARADIGM  b^Dn 


PastT.  "^^p^n,  ro^p)r\et(5. 
Part.  Act.  y^p)r2  i'-  D^piD 

Future  Tense  y^^'V  etc. 


Future  Apocap.  2^1*^  etc. 
Infill,  abs.  :}''5^'^n  con.  y^p)r] 
Imperat.  "21^)^]  ^  ^2^\!J)r\  etc. 


PARADIGM  bv.^n 


Past  Tense  Z^^'lH.  n::C:^*in  etc. 
-  T  : 

Part.  Pas.  2ti:riD  f-  HS^^^'lD  etc. 


Fut.  Tense  ^pV  ^  2p)r\  etc. 
Infin.  abs.  and  con.  ^^'IH  etc. 
No  Imperative. 


TABLE  F.— VERB  PROPER  r'^,  pj''  "  to  suck." 

Past. 
Fem. 


Jom. 

JYiasc. 

pj^  3.  sing 

npr  2. 

t):-t 

'P|?r 

1. 

W^ 

3.  pi. 

Dnpr  2. 

"^m 

1, 

69 


Participle  Active. 

Present. 

Fem. 

Masc. 

'    '?J? 

'  i::ji<  1.  sing. 

pji^^ 

nn8  2. 
'IJD^v^  1-  pi. 

D'pi'-> 

Dn3. 

Participle  Passive  T)\^  ,  f.  HDIJ'^ 
1       T  It     : 

is  conjugated  like  Participle  Passive. 


PJ'D 


FuTtTBB. 

Fern. 

Com. 

Masc. 

p.^^^ 

1.  sing. 

W^ 

prn  2. 

prn 

^JIT    3. 

pj;4 

1.  pi. 

njprn 

=ip:^n  2. 

mprn 

V;^.  ^• 

Infinitive  Mood. 

plJI        abs. 

prb , 

pr3 , 

pr? , 

1              • 

pj^        con. 

Fem. 

'pr 


Imperative  Mood. 


Masc. 


1^0 


PAEADIGM  b^U^n 


PastTense  p^^rn,  HD'^rn  etc. 
Part.  Act.  p^rpf.np;;^  etc. 
Simple  Fut.  p^y^ ,  p'^^n  etc. 


Future  A  poc.  pj'''^,  pJ^'Oetc. 
Imp.  Mood  prPh  ^p^yn  etc. 
Infinitive  Mood  p^^H  etc. 


TABLE  FZ— VERB  yy,  Q^p  "to  stand." 


\ 

bv^^ 

Past. 

hvi3 

°p 

n??p 
ripp 
^npp 

iDp 

Dripp 

'  nop 

Dip: 

HDlpJ 

nicipi 
nripj 
Titoipj 
iclpj 
DnlDipj 
'  nicipi 
i:lDipj 

Dpip 

nppip 

J?ppip 
nppip 

'nppip 

ibpip 

Dnppip 

jnppip 

ijppip 

Dpip 

> 

00 

XT' 

en 

3.  m.  sing. 
3.  f. 
2.  ra. 

2.  f. 

1.  c. 

3.  c.  pi. 

2.  m. 
2.  f. 
1.  c. 

con.     abs. 

Dip  >  Dip 

Dipn 

Dpip 

DDip 

Infinitive. 

Dip 
■•pip 
iDlp 

mpp 

Dlpo 

^plpn 

iDlpn 

n:ppn 

Dpip 

'PPip 
iDpip" 
njppip 

3 

Imperat. 

61 

Future. 


Kal. 

Niphal. 

Piel. 

Pual. 

Dip; 

Dipl 

Dpip? 

□  Pipl 

3.  m.  sing. 

mpn 

Dipn 

Dpipn 

Dpipn 

3.f. 

Dipn 

Dipn 

Qpipn 

Dpipn 

2.ni. 

^mpn 

■'pipn 

^ppipn 

■-ppipn 

2.f. 

ap^ 

DipJ? 

DPlpi< 

DPipsX 

I.e. 

ir^ip; 

icip^ 

icpip: 

icpip? 

S.m.pl. 

nrpipn 
^::ipn 

irjipn 

njppipn 
icpipn 

njppipn 
ibpipn 

3.f. 
2.m. 

apj 

-jppipn 

-jpplpn 
^  bpip; 

2.f. 
Ic. 

Act.  Pass. 

Dp.  Dip 

m 

Qpipp 

DCipp 

Participle 

Hiphil. 

Hophal. 

HiphU. 

Hophal. 

n'pD 

Dpin 

^niD^pn 

"■nppjn 

Past  T. 

np'pn 

ni^pin 

iD"'pn 

ippin 

nla^pq 

nppin 
r;ippin 

} . ,' ,' 

DfiPpin 
) '. 

nlD'pLi 

1 

1 

ijppjn 

N   B.— The  Hithpael  bySrin   of  verbs  Vy  are  regularly 
formed  by  the  syllable  nH  prefixed  to  the  Paradigm  Piel,  7^3, 

^.^.,  Dpip,  Dplpor-h  nniy,  nniynrh  etc. 


62 

TABLE  YII. 
VERB  DOUBLE  AYIN    yy,  3:30  "to  surround" 


Kal. 


Niphal. 


Piel. 


Pnal. 


2. 

3D. 

n2D. 

ni3D, 

ni2D. 

"•ntaD, 

12D, 

Dnl2D. 


]. 

22p 

n22D 
J?22p 

n22p 

'f!l22p 
122D 

Dn22D 


1J12D,    1J22D 


2DJ 

-  T 


O 

5' 

p 

o 
^^ 

&9 


22to 


^1 


2D1D 


ft) 


3.  ra.  sing. 

3.f. 

2.111. 

2.f. 

I.e. 

3.  c.pl. 

2.  m. 

2.f. 

I.e. 


Infinitive. 


Kal. 


Niphal. 


Piel. 


Pual. 


absolute  Dl^D 

T 

construct  ^D 


2lDn 
2Dn 


22to 


23iD 


Imperative. 


Future. 


2d;. 

2D1 

2D^ 

etc^Sto^ 

etc^^lDI 

3.  m.  sing. 

2Dn. 
2Dn. 

2Dn 
2Dni 

2Dn 

2Dp 

like  V 

< 

3.f. 
2.m. 

-?Dn. 

'^pn 

i5pn 

2 
& 

5- 

2.f. 

etc.  2DX. 

2D^ 

etc.  3D>i; 

VS 

V:: 

I.e. 

63 

Participle. 


Kal. 

Niphal. 

- 

Piel. 

Pual. 

33D 
312D 

39^ 

2D1DP 

^niDp 

active, 
passive. 

Hiphil. 

Hophal. 

Hithpael. 

3pn 

no'in 

35lnpn 

past. 

DOn 

3pin 

D5inpn 

infinitive. 

2Dn 

wanting 

D^lnpn 

imperat. 

2p;,  no: 

3pr,  np"! 

35inp^. 

future. 

2DP 

33lnDD 

pai-tic. 

3D1D 

64: 


TABLE  F//7.— VERB  ^"^,  ^^^  "he  found." 


Kal. 

Niphal. 

Piel. 

Pual.              Persons. 

1 

T   T 

T  :   • 

i<yp 

i<yD 

3.  ra.  sing. 

T  :    T 

'X^^?-? 

T  :   • 

rivSaD 

3.1 

n^V'P-? 

n^yp 

nvsyp 

2.  m. 

T\^^\2 

nvxypj 

n«yp 

ha^^t 

2.1              ^ 

*         T  T 

■■n^^iJDJ 

"Tii^aD 

TiJ^ya 

1-c.             J^ 

:  T 

IvN^'PJ 

ixyp 

ixyp 

3.  c.  pi.        % 

DnN!.^q 

cnvXypj 

Dn^yp 

cn^^ap 

2.  m. 

jn^^D 

10{<?^pj 

jnvxyp 

jn^^yp 

2.  1 

ij«V9 

IJN^pJ 

ijj^ap 

UNap 

1.  c. 

vsiyc 

vsyp: 

i<yp 

wanting. 

absolute.     ^ 

vxap 

^v:pn 

^yp 

construct.    B. 

vxysn 

m:Q 

wanting. 

2.  m.  sing.  ^ 

\xuc 

etc. 

etc. 

2.1             1 

1NVP 

2.  m.  pi.       ^, 

njj?i'p 

2.1               9 

>«ap: 

i^UD' 

^?iP": 

^^^\ 

Future. 

etc. 

etc. 

etc. 

etc' 

i^ao 

»<?.'PP 

active.         ^ 

T 

^V?^ 

^^*rpp 

passive.       %• 

il 


/.'/ 


65 


^^Ji 


(  '  \  / 


'lisir 


VERB  ii"b,  ii.^D  "he  found"    <gontUie&^.''0/^>  v- . 


Hiphil. 

Hophal. 

Hithpael. 

Persons. 

j^-'Vcn 

T  :    *. 

t^yerin 

3.  m.  sing. 

ni«^ycn 

etc. 

n.sycnn 

3.f. 

n^ycn 

nNycnn 

2.m. 

n«ypn 

ni<yan- 

2.f.         ? 

""ni^ypn 

•'O^^ycnn 

1.  c.         J 

etc. 

i^^acnn 

3.  c.  pi.  g 

(b 

Dn^aonn 

2.  m. 

jnxycnn 

2.  f. 

ijxyorin 

I.e. 

wanting. 

napri 

Avanting. 

absol.      B* 
const.     2. 

J^yon 

wanting. 

><ycnn 

2.  m.  sing. 

etc. 

etc. 

2.  m.  pi.  2 

p 

2.f.        ^ 

i^'VP! 

j<ap^ 

xyDn^ 

Future. 

apoc.  J^^jpl 

etc. 

etc. 

i^^VPD 

i^^^Dnp 

act.         y 

p 

i^ypp 

pass.       f 

or) 


TABLE  ZX.— VERB  n"^  ,  rhl  "  tu  reveal. 


Kal. 

Niphal. 

Piel. 

Pual. 

Persons. 

rhi 

1    "^^-? 

i  et«-  n>';i 

i  etc.  rbi 

3.  m.  sing. 

-n':>I 

n^:^ 

T  • 

t: 

S.f. 

n-^3 

TObil 

2.m. 

n^Sl 

n-'bjj 

2.  f.               ^ 

Ti-'ba 

'O'^JJ 

1                    1 
1.  c.              [^ 

1^^ 

1^:^ 

a.cpi.      1 

Dn''?ii 

Dn-'i'ij 

2.  ra. 

|n''?^ 

iO''?iJ 

■^ 

2.f. 

•  T 

1J''?^'J 

I.e. 

n':'3 

n'pjj 

n'^j .  rhi 

abs.               ^ 

niVi 

nl^3n 

ni^3 

nl"?^ 

con.               S. 

etc.  n^: 

etc.  n^3n 

etc   n|>>5 

1 
i 
wanting.     !  Imperat. 

^■'«n^:?: 

etc.  n^r 

etc.  n^^:i 

etc.  n^pr 

Future. 

'■"•■  ^T. 

etc.  b-S? 

etc.      'p:|1 

Fut.  apoc. 

rbi 

n-):D 

act               ^ 

^hi 

n^?J 

' 

n^:?? 

p 

pass.             |- 

67 


VEKB  n"^  '  n^:i  "  to  reveal "   (Continued). 


Hiphil. 

Hophal. 

Hithpael, 

Persons. 

etc.  n^DH 
T  :  • 

etc.  rhyn 

T  :  T 

etc.  n^^nn 

■ 

3.  m.  sing. 
3.f. 

2.  m. 

2.f.         J 

1.  c.        ^ 

3.  c.  pi.  1 

2.  m. 
2.f. 
I.e. 

rh:ir\ 

n'pjn 

absol.      3^ 

nib-iH 

nib^n 

niWi^n 

const.     5. 

etc.  rbxi 

etc.  rhy 

^tc.  rh^n^^ 

Future. 

etc.  ij^V 

etc.  ^^ni 

Fut.  apoc. 

etc.  nb^n 

wanting. 

etc.  n>>3nn 

Iraperat. 

rh^rs 

n-53n^ 

act.         ^ 

n^^D 

pass.       f 

68 


1 

.2 

■t. 

'oc 

a 

g 

a 

s 

S 

a 

H 

s 

^ 

£ 

ci? 

o 
o 

8 

2 

.  i> 

o 

o 

« 

CO 

(N 

(M' 

r^' 

CO 

G^' 

<>i 

f-H 

U 

•^L 

lr^^ 

fTH 

IIH 

c^- 

ITH 

C: 

II: 

HH 

1  i 

tf 

#-    H 

r-    •• 

/-  . 

r-  • 

#-   • 

/- 

r-    • 

/-  • 

#"  • 

i 

PlH 

n 

Q^ 

r- 

r 

rr- 

IT 

r- 

a 

HJ 

i         < 

!  w 

1 

bi) 

n 

*S 

B 

2 

g 

3- 

G 

2 

g 

1 

H 

2 

cS 

£ 

^ 

O 

2 

^ 

2 

cS 

o 

o 

Oh 

CO 

co' 

;>)■ 

<n' 

tH" 

CO 

CO 

!>j 

<>i 

r-: 

1 

c 

G 

c 

%!: 

#-  ■ 

c 

c 

c 

r-\- 

IZ" 

H 

n 

1    *' 

1  — 

n 

11 

II 

\j; 

n 

r   :• 

n 

11 

J- 

rr- 

/-  :• 

r 

IT 

r 
rr- 

r-  :• 

r 
'-IH 

n 

ii 

bb 

p 

^ 

'S 

^ 

2 

2 

s 

2 

2 

£ 

c5 

s 

8 

o 

2 

^ 

8 

CO 

co' 

(N 

(M" 

tH 

CO 

^ 

'>i 

^ 

rj- 

•-T 

T 

T 

T 

T 

r-K- 

r-t- 

T 

II 

vz 

IT 

n 

IT 

II 

II 

n 

#-~H 

t~    '• 

r  • 

r-   ' 

r-  : 

r 

/-   • 

«~  : 

r-  • 

IT 

r 

r 

c 

c 

r 

r- 

FAL. 

j 

p 

2 

2 

2 

2 

1 

^ 

^ 

2 

1*^ 

i 

9^"^ 

9^*^ 

<i3 

.2 

5 

ci 

C3 

C3 

a 

c3 

>- 

«2 

o 

o 

>> 

>> 

o 

#-  :• 

r-  :• 

r   :• 

i~  :• 

#~  :• 

r   '.' 

r-  ;• 

r-  :• 

r   : 

El 

D 

^ 

'i 

r 

iJ 

D 

D 

?J 

D 

1 

/-I 

'-If- 

r^ 

a 

r-\\' 

n 

rjj 

'-I 

rr- 

i 

C 

! 

r- 

69 


W) 


0)' 

> 

3 

J 

a 
o 

1 

OQ 

a 

a 

a 

ri. 

r- 

+J 

C3 

o 

<u 

G^' 

5vi 

(N 

Ol 

'P 

(£ 

•■B 

Hh 

H: 

n 

n 

.J^. 

D- 

g 

n- 

tZ\' 

ir- 

n 

I 

i 

1— ( 

r 

E 

IT 

•« — 

HH 

*~  : 

n 

0~^ 

rr- 

#-  :• 

r- 

1 

HH 

£ 

c 

£ 

E 

IT: 

ni 

•s 

r- 

* — : 

r- 

11 

* 

*? 

db 

a 

d 

'So 

s 

B 

a 

^ 

a 

o 

S 

^ 

a 

-O) 

8 

o 

8 

J9 

C3 

CO 

co" 

csf 

c^ 

F-H 

L-* 

r-^' 

'o 

n 


c    c     c    %: 


^     V'    n    n    II  n 


A    n 


II 


'3 

^  n 


All  the  other  moods  and  tenses  are  wanting. 


a 

a 

a 

a 

^ 

I  have   (t 

is  to  me 

thou  hast, 

o 

+-5 

1 

2 

1 

> 

O 

> 
o 

oT 
> 

<x> 
> 

+3 

2 

r-  :        r  • 

#-  : 

r-  : 

f~    • 

r-  : 

t~  : 

r  ' 

#-  • 

*-  : 

!=► 

£ 

El     El 

El 

El 

a 

El 

El 

a 

El 

^ 

,jr^.  ,j^- 

,r\H 

r^ 

.XNH 

.J^H 

,J^H  .J^H  -J^H  _r\H 

h 

r- 

P^ 

r 

'-I 

ri: 

II: 

!_:• 

IZ: 

,J^. 

a 

*■ 

u 

' 

1— 1 

70 

bJO 

?r;  '-'^•• 

_a 

Pi 

n   n> 

^  rl 

ill 

X 

^C 

JT^:     II, 

a     'v" 

S 

CO      ^     '-' 

CO        5^*       r-i 

ir. 

^ 

a 

r\..        ^J'M 

J 

03 

^  i-i* 

h   n 

Pii 

o 
o 

n 

Ch    IIH^ 

.J^...J-N 

,J^i 

c  r^ 

rii  p 

4 

S 

El 

8      ^  i^ 

r^ 

.s 

Of, 

9^ 

ir.  ir 

n- 

•S 

o^ 

.-T^:  ,-r\» 

.j^i 

IT'  rj 

a 

-g; 

n.. 
a 

Hi 

-^ 
w 

a 
8 

l#l 

c3 

Ch 

iD 

^ 

n    Hi 

t=q 

r  n 

IT- 

.J^: 

-4^ 

,j^:^: 

> 

^--.j^i 

-R' 

r^ 

'          '$ 

ri   n 

1 

r\h  n 

n- 

^ 

^       pn 

1 

n:  c 

G 

g 

n 

H 

o 

^ 

. 

,. 

<J 

s 

2^ 

ir  ir 

rz 

fl 

& 

B^ 

;=1h 

JF  J^i 

J^i 

n 

-C:- 

n  E 

a 

e 
a 

JR- 

r 

B 

-j^'-x^-     ^1 

n 

W 

9. 

ri- 

'         n 

n 

IT   ir  ? 

ij  j^  p 

JF. 

n: 

IT:    C: 

*- 

n 

,J^-  ,J^: 

-T^- J/^i 

JFt 

nr 

n- 

J^- 

& 

n 

r^ 

'^         11 

a 

IT 

qj 

«S 

71 


•i 

.    CO       <N 

rH 

rH       C^        CO" 

1— •'       C^       CO 

%'  %'  n: 

[>ret. 
I    be 

eo      »i      '^ 

1    r^ 

P^ 

r  c  ^ 

P.  G  a 

fclE; 

V-    — ^ 

fl 

f 

::  ^ 

l^S^ 

n 
a 

^    E:    E    ^i 

Hi 
P" 

£3 
5 

1^1 

0     ? 

OD         V- 

0 

>7          llh 

1  •• 

1^n 

n 

13 

PS' 

n: 

n 

5  8: 

^ 

3S.H  xi    C 

%r  XI    IT: 

a» 

?.    P^ 

R'&" 

cu      S 

^in; 

Q 

.2   '^ 

'H.. 
0 

<1 

n 
a 

^  1 

*   G    E          E    E 

0 
pi 

•n    ^^     52 

%*i    ^'    £: 

0     c 

I^'  n 

II'  H' 

< 

^     'I 

,J^: 

pr^J^ 

n  •  n 

^ 

Q 

5     «« 

n- 

#-|H   ^h 

..     h:^ 

r- 

n  n 

O: 

H     — 

C 

C 

^ 

-^^ 

%H%I    C 

%.%!   II: 

PPS; 

p'  G  a 

Eij 

03 

•^  P  % 

£      -P     P 

c  n  * 

=  7:1 

E    E-^ 

Ed 

JF 

CI 

•^^  *^ — • 
II'  G 

-T^:   H' 
prijrx: 

4^ 

1  E    E    2 
E   E 

6 
< 

r 

JF 

*^ni   %i   ri: 
#-l   ' — 

^  III 

S.    P^ 

T. 

0 

!rn 

n 

ri 

•■§     ^■ 

g 

Ci 

C 

tn  f^ 

* 

72 


.1 

CD 

"Hh 

-2     C 

?§  CO      <>^       --^ 

CO       <>i       r-i 

"  c 

c  n 

"r 

ci 

G^^ 

G 

w 

C 

> 

J 

P4 

^           .j^H^-T-'^  ^^  -fy^ 

G 

< 

Ei] 

§             r^ 

13::         O.- 

!"■ 

•^ 

^ 

M 

£ 

8            1?: 

^ 

u, 
^ 

1   ^' 

1— ( 

C    IT 

i 

.J-VH^H 

J^.. 

8    C^ 

r         #nH 

« 

rvi/x 

fy- 

•^ 

i— 

o 

S  Ch  C 

fZ 

rxpi 

nii/ixL 

c^  II     G 

& 

Ci  J^ 

n  c 

^g 

c 

pq 

n 

1 

r^.    #-|. 

T 

^J^\' 

n-  IT 

g  l:^L/:^L 

Ph 

& 

c 

^.  -^i* 

Ci5 

*-»• 

^   a   T 

K 

n   /aL 

i 

^ 

_,•            .J^- 

J-^-          .J-^;- 

> 

'-   c: 

1 

y. 

^ 

5 

M 

;S 

1 

II, 

IT     D: 

xz 

Ph 

;^^;^. 

.T^-^- 

,J^. 

liv:  rv_ 

1 

^^ 

^  n  G 

& 

n 

H 

i*5 

y 

'^q 

oi  .J^:':J^'" 

-^v 

J^— 

S 

G: 

a 

ir 

> 

H 

,j^- 

•,J^.-          ,-X^;- 

'•jj 

^ 

s 

i      1 

nv:       nl- 

p! 

© 

S 
g 

^ 

p. 

ft' 

Il^ 

n: 

125 

1— ( 

O 

5zi 

G 

c; 

73 

th  r-'       c4       CO       rH       (M*       CO  ^^^  jCV 

fZ 


9h 


%H%i  II    %i  ;i,  r: 

.  _.      .  .  j^.  i:^  c  ^  ^  a 


%H 


gen    ip>'£  %i%'n:  ^ 

~  "  c       ninp^      Eh    c 


i-i        G^       CO  tH        G^       CO" 

55h%i  fl  2ir%«  n: 

r;  GHg  pi  £,:  a 

n     2  n  ^  %  p'  G  "— 


> 


Ph 


II 


5iH%i  n  %i  %i  fi:  ;:-    q 

;« >=  c       fee  ,   — —  --^-^   c    ^ 

o  —  r\...  ?^ 


r:  c         ^  '^^  ^  ^  p'  G  ^  &   ifr  9 


n 


c 


»-~ 

0) 

*p5 

Qi 

&. 

c« 

Oh 

o 

■^ 

s 

«C3 

£ 

Ph 

C3 

74 


WD 

n- 

.s 

'S. 

s 

CO      <?^      T-^ 

CO    <>a    ,-; 

r-|..  ^.. 

fliHa- 

a 

P  n 

P      9 

•=CH 

b 

n  '^ 

^ 

a 

W 

TZ.       > 

< 

m 

B 

i    ^   % 

1 

8 

r 

'^          in 

g 

^ 

i  '^•-  s 

flH 

r- 

h 

;z; 

^..p  1 

#-T-    T* 

n 

£) 

£1 

g 

C8 

E 

2 

%i  %'  IT: 

c  a 

O 

5 

tf 
^ 

e3 

o 

c4 
> 

a 

3 

1 

CO 

;r 

r  ' 

2 

n  n 

a 

2  .^ 

P  P  n. 

Pu, 

.2 

rr- 

^  § 

1  i.| 
r  1 

1— 1             i-t 

.J^ 

r-   h  <-   H 

#-  •• 

-3     CI 

%; 

^H;:ah 

^IH 

"    2? 

%  % 

% 

^    ^ 

'§ 

S 

C^ 

C 

-H^ 

o3 

B 

a 

:^^  ^ 

Q 

^  n 

^»:    M-. 

5 

y 

^:     w 

%     % 

33 

HJ 

B 
8 

Pit 

3        i^H 

> 
1 

•< 

^          -       (A 

2!:    %    - 

?! 

25    C 

N 

s 

•-  f-C-^ 

r-  •• 

C     ^ 

:/|..  M" 

^ 

^..^H 

Mh 

u 

;i     25: 

»^ 

%H^ 

% 

P\: 

'^    ^h 

;:=^ 

II      C, 

c 

25 

c 

s^ 

'^ 

c; 

75 


3  a 

H       O 


r-J  <W 


n 

G: 

%: 

y: 

<J 

^ 

a: 

fl 

w 

n 

c  c  a 

§ 

i:; 

li; 

£):     £|:    ^ 

g 

J^|: 

j^i 

#~         r 

<!; 

n 

/- 

^        (N        1-H 

n  n  ^ 


CO       <>>       r-i 

P'  C:  a 


£1 


■♦J 
o 


£1 


n: 


.2       c« 


Ph       (1h 


II 

11      i 


r    I 

11'  a 

9     . 


Hi  c    2. 


II 

3 


n 

'3 


5      CO 


§  a 


^1: 
Si 


G: 
Si 


^  CO         <>«         r-l 


2S 


%i 


;/! 


^     % 


II    H 


%i  %'  r: 

p'  c  a 
Ra 


H  -r- 


T 

3         ^'              y 

2  ri.  '^  25    p-  c  — 

b  «"                  KI'*' — 

tf                      #-i 

■<           V _                    #T- 

Ph   ^r        -^-> — ' 

CQ 


> 

> 

a 

I  ^ 
•s  I, 

o 


76 


*&! 

'S   n 

n  IT 

i 

CO      oi      iH 

CO 

C^"       f^ 

1   ^ 

5  5 

J^ 

a 

r  n 

ir 

r  J^ 

55  X 

5 

H 

i 

a 
S 

5i- 

•# — 

% 

^ 
p 

s 

5i  5^ 

i  ?•  pi- 

'- 

i— 1 

'-I 

2 

8    25  Ji 

w 

'^ 

HH 

P3 

1^ 

•^  p 

n 

n:  !I 

> 

5i: 

'§ 

§ 

r 

c3       /- 

p:p 

g 

•=CH 

a 

ri 

C  '^ 

, 

r-   H 

/-  H            •-   h 

W 

^ 

H 

r~- 

r" 

r 

> 

n-  Q- 

1 

fN 

- 

P4 

• 

#- 

*T- 

#- 

#~    #- 

h 

< 

a 

8 

ry 

q 

•"• 

t-H 

g3 

Q 

r 

^,¥ 

CQ 

^ 

> 

n 

1 

2 

ir  n 

n 

P 

n  n 

cS 

•J— 

t^ 

g 

r^r= 

r= 

c^. 

Pr 

H 

*^  CH 

n  '^ 

s 

a 

w 

r>  P 

c4 

; 

2 

n 

n 

P  E 

^ 
H 

S 

u 

s 

r= 

r 

F- 

H 

r~    - 

< 

S 

w 

S 

tf 
pH 

o 

r 

c 

r 

55 

a 
a 
^ 
S 

p   P: 

HH 

n  r 
S  E 

I— t 

1" 
E 

77 


OQ* 

^ 

^ 

(N 

CO 

rH 

oi 

CO* 

CO 

Gsf 

T-H 

CO 

r 

py 

<N 

^* 

%H 

% 

n 

% 

%.  IT: 

ii_ 

r 
0~ 

•*— 

% 

1 — 1 

•# — 

'H 

y 

>■ 

11 

S 

>■ — 

:  a 

5iH      , 

a 

'p\: 

5i: 

PI- 

5i- 

% 

< 

5i 
5i 

□\^''V^:2 

i'^  o 

p 

1 1 

py- 

% 

1 — 1 

1 1 

% 

1 — 1 

^ 

'-I 

% 

#-~ 

% 

%'   it: 

1  r  5.: 

PI- 

1 1 

r 

r 

5l: 

% 

1 — 1 

E 
< 

Ph 

IZ, 

% 

- 

C 

11 

5i 

h 

nl>?'yic 

Prete 
Partic 

1 — 1 

%h 

'Hi 

'^1 

r 

r 

r 

r- 

r 

;^' 

r 

» 

r-  •• 

>• 

1 

r 

T 

>• 

i 

r*^ 

r 

a 
^ 

r 

IZ 

r 

r 

n 

a; 

a 

IT 

X 

< 

r       a 

iu 

c 

< 

rJ 

P 

r 

r 

< 

r 

'H 

f— 

f- 

ryr 

•  '^h 

'"^ 

fZ 

#~   .. 

1— 

1 — 

«- 

r 

f  _^ 

1- 

0- 

•# — 

r 

tr  ,H 

#T- 

r^ 

ir 

•~ 

ir 

£ 

E 

+^ 

-4^ 

•^ 

G 

^ 

G 

a 

a 

k> 

;3 

c 

T 

P 

P 

P- 

P 

o 

1 — 1 

n 

#^ 

G 

a 

•73 

1 

CO 
rH 

1 — 1 

P 

'-I 
P* 

< 

J3 
1 — ' 
1 1 

^ 

1 1 

I— 

fcu 

-^ 

« 

•* — 

G 

1 — 1 

r 

1 1 

G 

G 

1 — 1 

r 

1 — 1 

5 

cH 

a 

•* — 

n 

2 
2 

*-  • 

3 

r 
n 

1 — 1 

•# — 
r 

r 

P- 

r 

^ 

^ 

G 

P 

G 

< 

:5 

G 

25 

t 

G 

II 

G 

o 

■*^ 

O 

£ 

H 

< 

78 


bO 

a 

• 

'53 

&. 

m 

n- 

CO 

c4 

^ 

CO 

(N 

rH 

-i 

.^ 

'-IH 

r-lh 

#n.. 

'-ih 

55: 

OQ 

03 

.D^ 

.^H 

.^H 

.^ 

C 

a 

^ 

%; 

% 

% 

H 

c^ 

C;: 

U 

•- 

2 

'HH 

'-ih 

a 

'-Ih 

> 

n 

W 

a 

Dh 

•D" 

.^^ 

§ 

%: 

% 

o 
o 

s 

r 

% 

55 

'-I 

a 
o 
o 

C 

<Vm 

IT 

% 

25 

C 

r-i       (N       CO  rH       (M       CC 

%H%i   n       %l  %i   IT: 


&  a 


D: 
% 


D\^^Dn:i   ^ 


tH       (M       CC  1— (       C^       CO 

:«^-%|  ir     55r%'  o 
ri  {^"^x     c  k  '^ 


D\Nit:^:i 


^^^%'  ir    %i  %'  ir: 


%^'%«    II       %i  %'   I 

n  *-  %    n:  fc^ 


ni^^iz^ij 


+J 

c 

OJ 

s 

's 

li 

s 

c 

&. 

'-ll 

^ 

^• 

.^: 

J 

rt 

J 

S 

<: 

% 

All  the  rest  of  the  Verb 

^ 

b 

ft- 

n3 

TT 

t-H 

0 

M 

3 

W 

■4^ 

H 

e3 

is  regular. 

c2 

r- 

. 

K 

ir 

J 

El 

OL 

3 

^ 

.2 
IS 

%; 

+J 

«4-4 

■4J* 

• 

"t? 

sy 

0 

2 

^ 

cl; 

Ph 

79 


tD 


bO 

_fl 

'El 

'« 

'E 

<N 

c^' 

c5 

CO 

C^ 

tH 

CO 

c^* 

rA 

» 
> 

& 

X 

tf 

s 

5J 

*-  • 

H 

Q^ 

25: 

'^~" 

T 

< 

a, 

fe 

s 
8 

25 

:s 

q' 

c 

G 

G 

G 

.& 

t5? 

.^H 

.^ 

.^: 

.^: 

%• 

sh 

25 

% 

25 

25 

0~ 

n 

#~ 

«4-3 

13 

CO 

/ 

^ 

OQ 

'© 

^ 

o 

o 

Cu 

s 

■*j~ 

o 

i^;. 
.D 

IT 

.^: 
5i 

'^. 

2 

fC 

C 

'HI 

s 

'HI 

•4^ 

25 

25 

.^H 

■♦J 

.^: 

o 

3 

r-    •• 

.^ 
% 

O 

'o 

> 

25 

25 

a; 

25 

25 

"rt 

O 

? 

u 

'E. 
'3 

% 

> 

1 

2 

*i 

c 

S 

S 

"^ 

4^ 

c 

s 

!3 

*-' 

S 

^ 

c 

' 

1 

n 

Hi 

s 

1— ( 

-4^ 

1 

80 


" 

t>i) 

n 

c 

*S 

'E. 

% 

CO 

cq 

1— ( 

CO      c^      ^ 

n 
n 

I' 

£ 

nn 

n^ 

riH 

n  n 

1 

%i 

% 

% 

%  S 

1 

c^^ 

C 

'^ 

1 
Ji 

Ef 

a 

K 

n 

> 

1      ; 

s 

riH 

riH      riH 

r* 

n 

H 

1    < 

1^ 

£ 
o 

%        Si 

•* — 

<1 
K 

da 

i 

1 

£ 

JI  C 

n 
n 

HH 

n  n 

• 

1 

; 

S 

( 

T3 

rt 

ag 

IT: 

IT: 

Ci 

iiH 

hhhh 

p^ 

c§ 

n- 

n: 

n: 

n: 

n:  n- 

« 

% 

C^ 

PQ 
1 

i 
i  E 

s 

i 

n 

r 

11: 

n: 

% 

II:   "    I=: 

^'   R 

n' 

>• 

n 
II  ^^ 
n 

% 

n 

IIH 

n 

n 

a 
n 

5i 

l-H 

n^^iiH 
n  n 

f^ 

s 

ai 

IT 

IT 

n 

fi 

c3 

P 

n^ 

r^ 

n: 

ri: 

% 

% 

% 

55^.. 

i 
i 

1      ; 
< 

1 

!::;• 

ri: 

II  ^ 
n       n 

u 

>■ 

H 

n 
II 

II 

rl: 

% 

1 

i 

1 

C 

o 

2        rin 

>5 

Q= 

s 

,- 

IT 

►— 1 

rj 
ri: 

Ti: 

^ 

1 

k 

^ 

£: 

1 

81 


fcl) 

iH       (M       CO 

rH       (M       CO 

*a2 

^ 

%i%'   IT 

%<  %-  o 

CO 

(N 

tH 

CO         <N         tH 

^   ,^^% 

p  c  a 

n 

P^  ^^ 

K 

% 

% 

^    % 

g 

id 

P' 

1  :§ 

n 

n 

•#— 

% 

n   n 
%   % 

-< 

%i  %i  II. 

^ , ^ 

1  ^ 

c 

r 

C    IT 

II" 

2 
H 

X.H  %l 

fi 

X|-  XI 

r: 

n 

n 

P-  n 

?  F:^ 

S 

Pl     f:-:- 

u 

% 

5 

u- 

E^-    %H 

^nn 

a 
> 

n 

n 

d 

o 

% 

n  n 

n- 

g 

%• 

1 — 1 

2  % 

<^ 

a 

c^^ 

ch  2h 

C    G 

1 — 1 

ri: 

1 — 1 

» 

S 

SCH  %| 

r- 

rr^ 

CO 

»i( 

n 

r 
% 

n  n 

r          r 

3 

•r].    ^^• 

r 

22 

0) 

1> 

"^U 

S 

^ 

E^- 

II  n 

n- 

n- 

c 

1- 

-Tn 

1 — 1 

II 

G 

lLj 

j;-  G 


riH 


2  % 


r?  Gi  5^ 
p. ,-  ^ 

«^ / 


n 


G    G 
55    % 


% 

'H 

1   \y 

% 

G 

G 
n: 

p 

%^^%|  II 

r\  ^  % 

% 

Q 

%'  IZ- 
GO 

a 
a" 

fin 

% 

#- 

a 
%'EL 

G 


II    G 


II 


% 

G 


82 


CO 


G<l 


tH  CO 


*TH       *~Kh       »^..       •^•• 
.    ,J^I     .J^l     ,J^-     J^- 


Jr^"  J^: 


(N 


1^ 


5 


«^H 

*nH 

tri.. 

I7\.. 

#7-;.. 

•  Ah 

•A 

•  A.. 

»7\.. 

•  r^.. 

,J^H   ^^ 

Ji^- 

^^- 

.J^- 

.J^ 

^J^- 

.J^ 

.S^ 

,J^: 

a 

r 

c 

r 

II 

•^ 
II 

C 

1- 

«^.. 

II 

CO 

«^h 

•  AH 

•  rj.. 

»r;.. 

I7\-- 

•AH 

JA.. 

IT\.. 

tr\.. 

•  .-\ . . 

.J^H  ,J^1 

.r- 

,J^- 

.J^' 

.J^ 

.J^- 

.J^' 

.J^ 

^  > 

CO 

II 

n: 

IIH 

JI^- 

IIH 

r 

iI^' 

II 

l-H 

•-^H 

rrsH 

rrj.. 

*^.. 

•AH 

t^.. 

•A.. 

rrs.. 

,l^h 

,J^I 

.J^- 

.J^- 

.-T^ 

.J^' 

.J^ 

,J^: 

'-I 

IT- 

'-I 

^ 

r 

rr- 

•  nH 

«AH 

«T^.. 

•AH 

•A.. 

•  A.. 

,r.-. 

,1^1 

^^' 

,J^ 

.J^. 

,J^ 

n: 
a 

a 

r 

a 

9 

n. 
a 

ri:. 
a 

•^h 

*nH 

•T\.. 

rAH 

.n-. 

•  r^.. 

.-n-- 

_r^i 

^^ 

,J^ 

,j^- 

.-T^ 

(M* 

/> 

n: 

c 

r 
O: 

n> 

ri: 

^^ — 

.r 

rrsH 

•HiH 

«ri.. 

.^.. 

«ri.. 

•  AH 

•  A.. 

•A" 

rrj.. 

•  A.. 

_r^.H  .j-^H  J^- 

.1^ 

.r^- 

^^ 

J^- 

.-f^- 

,J^ 

,J^: 

a 

a 

a 

r- 

a 

ir- 

C^ 

O 

CO 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

•nn 

*rsH 

•n.. 

.rs.. 

rr^.. 

•  AH 

»ni.. 

•  rj.. 

•  A.. 

.r;.. 

,r-H 

.j^H  jr^. 

,r- 

.J^- 

,J^ 

^^• 

,J^' 

J^ 

,J^: 

C' 

«~ 

0~ 

r- 

r 

•#  - 

^  .1 

«4H 

& 

C 

c 

' 

c 

r-\ 

l^^ 

CO 

#■ 

r~ 

m- 

»      ^  ■ 

#> 

^ 

•r- 

83 


PARTICIPLE  ACTIVE. 

PARTICIPLE  PASSIVE. 

■^ 

3 

.      02 

d  s 

02 

.    03 

.  s 

-:   2 

r:  2 

rj 

fe 

"v?  £ 

•55 -ii 

-H-a 

u--^ 

'^  s 

•7.^ 

O-  d 

^^ 

r    ' 

•  ^ 

«^ 

«^ 

«ri;.. 

tr\.. 

tr\.. 

r^^.. 

-S-- 

.J^: 

rrs      rn; 

JF^H 

^-Tm 

-j^ 

-J^ 

.J^ 

,J^ 

,s^ 

r 

*- 

^    ' 

1 

# 

r^ 

•^ 

«^ 

.r;.. 

«^.. 

«n.. 

•^      rr^ 

.-F^H 

.J^:. 

.J^ 

_r\ 

JT^ 

r^ 

1  ►- 

a- 

«-  • 

'^ 

«^ 

•^ 

«^ 

•  rs.. 

ir\.. 

.r^.. 

J^: 

J^H 

,j^i 

.-f^ 

,J^ 

.-r- 

-r^ 

r^ 

r^ 

1 

r^ 

h: 

1 

r-   • 

«^ 

'^ 

'^ 

*^ 

«^. . 

«rs-. 

.^.. 

«^.. 

,J^ 

.J^H 

u^h 

.jT^ 

j^ 

.J^ 

.j^ 

n 

•* — 

r- 

*~ 

C 

r-   H 

r     • 

,^•^-A~^-^ 

rr\ 

'-K 

rvi 

»-r\.. 

rrs-. 

r7\.. 

•« — 

c 

IT 

"£:■ 

r^ 

rrs 

rr-K 

«t 

rr^.. 

»r5.. 

tr\.. 

.J^: 
'n 

r 

^ 

r-  r 

r  : 

#T- 

rr- 

*  1 

r-\ 

'H 

O 

r 

C: 

'H 

r  • 

rr;.. 

^/'■. 

n:- 
a 

a 

f  l:- 

a 

r 

r    •• 

n: 

r: 

0-   ' 

r 

a 

U 

a 

n 
n 

a 

n:- 
a 

'-1.. 

•* — 

rrs 

»^ 

rn- 

m,.' 

.J^: 

j^.. 

.j^i 

,J^: 

,J^ 

,J^ 

.j^ 

,S^ 

^N. 

n> 

n> 

O: 

^'^-^^^ 

»~%. 

*^ 

-r;.. 

rr;.. 

fr\.. 

,_, 

_r-: 

•^      rrs 

,-r^h- 

.S^- 

.-P- 

^fX 

J^ 

^j^ 

a 

,-r-bJ^H 

C^^ 

a 

C: 

^^ 

r~H 

"i::.: 

a  n 

IJ 

U 

a 

a 

IT: 

a 

r::- 
a 

'n 

•^ 

•T 

•^ 

•r~~ 

T- 

rrr.. 

rr;.. 

jr^: 

J^H 

,J^H 

.J^: 

.-T- 

.J^ 

.J^ 

.J^ 

J% 

CH 

r 

t- 
11: 

rj- 

r  : 

El: 

1 

84 


/ 

a 

«4-; 

a 

«+-: 

'O 

CO 

co' 

(N 

(N 

- 

'  6    .^ 

.^H 

.^1 

•^ 

o    O 

Q 

a 

a 

C 

Gi 

G 

1—1 

IT 

i  '^^ 

.^H 

.El. 

g  a 

D' 

a 

a   n^ 

c 

G 

P5 
< 

<>< 

1  ^ 

1 

1 

1  ^-'^ 

.&H 

i 

.hi 

p 
O 

rjH 

1 

rj 

y^ 

•"  r^ 

c 

G 

in    . 

(N 

r^ 

§  •&- 

.Dh 

.^H 

.Dh 

..^. 

.D. 

.D' 

El 

•Ell 

«  r» 

D^ 

rj' 

n- 

rj 

a 

IJ 

rj.. 

i\' 

s  ■* — 

n 

G 

c; 

G 

G^^ 

c 

G. 

G 

rT~ 

II 

/- 

#" 

CO 

I- 

« 

II 

^      .^H 

.fc^H 

.^. 

.,^- 

.Ell 

cS       ^J^- 

Hi 

Q 

Q 

Q 

^       II 

Gh 

Gh 

G 

G 

CO 

IT 

IT 

r 

c  .^- 

.^H 

D- 

D- 

o     Qh 

Q' 

Q 

a 

O       r\ 

C 

& 

G 

--■ 

*"! 

'-I 

.^     -^^^ 

.^H 

.^1 

Q' 

n- 

G 

Hi 

< 

^   a 

n:- 

u 

1  fi; 

G 

pi^ 

<N       ' 

rr- 

rr 

i      .f^H 

Dh 

f^' 

ji' 

.^1 

§     Oh 

Qh 

Q 

Q 

n 

-^   a 

a 

C 

G 

G 

CO 

a 

a 

a 

fj 

\_ 

H 

d    .^^- 

.Dh 

.El- 

•D' 

.E 

1  R^. 

CO 

Oh 

=: 

f- 

1- 

•* 

G 

r- 

•* 

85 


CO 


a 


4i 


.^H             .] 

^1 

•D-               .1 

^. 

p    p 

*-                    r- 

r- 

.&H 

.^i 

& 

r-    " 

Q 

'-I 

.Ei- 

.^ 

•^ 

u 

'-I 

r^ 

r^ 

r^ 

r^ 

r 

^1 

Q 
if 

■9       9     p    5 

.^H                  t 

^1 

•El. 

•D-      .D-           D 

IT 

r 

J- 

r                       t~                                   rr~ 

•^'-    1 

^1 
1.. 

r-  •• 

5    -^ 

1« 

3 

0T-                   r 

r- 

'-I 

a 
n 

n:- 

a 

Q 

R;: 

CJ 

a 

a 

Dh 

.D' 

D 

a 

fV 

Qi: 

r> 

J> 

.D»-       E 

^' 

.^ 

.^         .E 

3-               -t 

a 

a 

Q          1 

5        £ 

1 

a 

5 

r-                    r- 

a        i: 

3:                    f 

3 

E) 


an 


a 

<w 

a  ^ 

:5      d 

d 

^*  ^• 

^ 

4^* 

3 

CO 

CO          CM          <N*          1-1*          CO'          2^'          rH          hH          1^                          fi| 

. 

Oi 

Di   D    Di 

Di  d      d  dhD  :^  . 

P 

rii 

ri  ri  ri 

f  1  n 

n  ri:  n  jr^: 

in'      T    ^. 

i 

C  Ci  C 

^  £ 

•n-  '-I-  ^. 

/-        r^ 

<-        *- 

'-^ 

^     ^     p 

o. 

D           Di  d      Di  d           ;^::. 

CO 

ri- 

m 

j^ 

1  n 

ri  ri • 

2 

r:^ 

c; 

c  f^ 

^  Ih 

< 

B 
c 

CN 

p^.    .   ^      '1^      ■    ■    - 

o 

D'          D.  Di      d  d           ;;^::. 

^ 

s 

n. 

ni 

ri  n 

n  ri: 

ri: 

02 

r^ 

C  1 

6 

Qi  O 

1  Di   D'  Di 

Di   pJ  Di   D -DhD   fi.. 

^  c  c  p  -  c  it  [J 

^    p    r-                  *^    #^ 

r\  n 

^ri  n  n   £ 

s 

""  E 

^  ^  F  .^ 

CO 

#T- 

■^    *^ 

Di 

Di  Di  Di 

^    D  Di  Di  Ck   O^O   'i^^:. 

5 

riH 

ni  n  n  e 

CO 

IT 

. 

Di 

Di   Di  Di 

O  D         D   D^  D  ^:. 

s 

riH 

rii  n  n 

n  n 

n  ri  n  ^. 

;?  ;?  ^  in' 

8 

'n 

CO  c 

^  E 

tH 

;?    P    Jn 

^  ^                 ^  ^ 

. 

Di 

Di                   C 

\    Di           O.    D-               ^ 

22 

n- 

ni 

I 

?   rj 

r^'  n- 

u- 

S 

a 

a 

c 

r 

r 
L 

iS 

r!  n 

D:. 

a 

h3 
< 

3 

Di 

D.               p 

m        1    - 

j  Di      o  d          ;^: 
'  n        n  n    1     i    H* 

r> 

Qi: 

r 

LQi: 

^  iJi: 

II- 

C* 

Di 

Di  D   Di    ^ 

Di  Di  Di  a.  O^O   'r{ 
n  n  n  rihri:  n  jJ; 

5  £  p  a  a  5  ci 

a  a 

riH 

m  n  n   c 

CO 

a 

a  a  b  ^ 

Di 

D   D    Di 

Di  Di  Di   D  Dh  O   f... 

n  n  n  rii  ri:  n  Jrj. 

s 

Qh 

rii  rj  n   s 

^ 

eHi::^  c  4i 

5^£  ^             ^^-^ 

CO 

^^ 

— 

— '^ 

— 

INDEX 


PAGE 

Letters 5 

Vowels 9 

ShVa 10 

Daghesh 11 

Accents 11 

Article 12 

Noun 13 

Construct  State 15 

Adjective 16 

Pronoun 17 

Personal 18 

Demonstrative 18 

Interrogative 18 

Noun,  with  Suffixes 19 

Numeration,  Cardinal 20 

Ordinal 22 

Verb,  Regular 22 

Irregular 25 

Passive  Pronouns  of  Verbs 26 

Adverbs 27 

Interjections 28 

Syntax — ^Nouns 29 

Construct  State 30 

Peculiar  use  of  the  Noun 32 

Relation  of  Adjective,  Adverb,  and  Verb  to  the  Noun : . .  . .  32 

Pronouns 34 

Relation  of  the  Verb 36 

Vav  Conjunctive 38 

Table  I.— Regular  Verb  no^ 40-49 

Verb,  with  Suffixes 49-52 

Table  II.— Verb  N''D,  ^3K 53 

Table  III.— Verb  J"Q,  :»»Ji 54-56 

Table  IV.— Verb  •''D  (originally  V'S) 56-58 

Table  V.— Verb  >"Q  proper  py 58-60 

Table  VI.— Verb  V'V,  Dip 60,  61 


88 

PAGE 

Table  VII.— Verb  V"y,  320 62,  63 

Table  VIII.— Verb  ^<"fJ,  KV^ 64,  65 

Table  IX.— Verb  n"^,  nh: .66,  67 

Table  X. ^Substantive  Verb  " to  be  "  and  Verb  "to  have " 68,  69 

Table  XL— Irregular  Verb  -j'jn 70,  71 

Table  XII. —Irregular  Verb  Hp^ 72,  73 

Table  XIII.— Double  anomalous  Verbs  3"Q  and  n''^  ;  ^"D  and  K''^) 74,  75 

Table  XIV.— Double  anomalous  Verbs  >'Q  and  T]"^ 76,  77 

Table  XV.— Double  anomalous  Verbs  J  "'Q  and  K"!? 78,  79 

Table  XVI.— Verb  Vy  and  H"^ 80,  81 

Table  XVII.— Verb  n"^  with  Suffixes 82,  83 

Table  XVIII.— Verb  )'y  with  Suffixes 84,  85 

Table  XIX.— Verb  y"y  with  Suffixes 86 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW 

AN  INITIAL  FINE  OF  25  CENTS 

WILL  BE  ASSESSED   FOR   FAILURE  TO   RETURN 
THIS    BOOK   ON    THE    DATE   DUE.    THE   PENALTY 
WILL  INCREASE  TO  50  CENTS  ON  THE  FOURTH 
DAY    AND    TO     $1.00    ON    THE    SEVENTH     DAY 
OVERDUE. 

* -^  22  m 

OCT  22 1940M. 

LD  21-95to-7,'37 

N 


